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In politics, lobbying or advocacy, is the act of lawfully attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of government officials, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies, but also judges of the judiciary. Lobbying, which usually involves direct, face-to-face contact in cooperation with support staff that may not meet directly face-to-face, is done by many types of people, associations and organized groups, including individuals on a personal level in their capacity as voters, constituents, or private citizens; it is also practiced by corporations in the private sector serving their own business interests; by non-profits and non-governmental organizations in the voluntary sector through advocacy groups to fulfil their mission such as requesting humanitarian aid or grantmaking; and by fellow legislators or government officials influencing each other through legislative affairs in the public sector. Lobbying or certain practices that share commonalities with lobbying are sometimes referred to as government relations, or government affairs and sometimes legislative relations, or legislative affairs. It is also an industry known by many of the aforementioned names, and has a near complete overlap with the public affairs industry. Lobbyists may be among a legislator's constituencies, for example amateur lobbyists such as a voter or a bloc of voters within their electoral district acting as private citizens; while others like professional lobbyists may engage in lobbying as a business or profession. Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, or policies on behalf of a group or individual who hires them. Nonprofit organizations whether as professional or amateur lobbyists can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define "lobbying" for legal purposes, and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential.
Mark Deli Siljander is an American author and politician who served as a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan. He authored the book A Deadly Misunderstanding: A Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide.
The Arab lobby in the United States is a collection of formal and informal groups and professional lobbyists paid directly by Arab governments or Arab citizens in the United States that lobby the public and government of the United States on behalf of Arab interests and/or on behalf of Arab Americans in the United States.
Ilgar Mammadov is an opposition politician in Azerbaijan, and one of the leaders of the Republican Alternative Party. Mammadov was considered a likely candidate for the Presidential elections in October 2013, but was arrested in February 2013, prior to the race, in a move that was widely seen as politically motivated.
Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly was a lobbying firm based in Washington, D.C., and formed in 1980 by Roger Stone, Paul Manafort and Charles Black and purchased in 1991 by Burson-Marsteller. The firm lobbied on behalf of prominent Republicans, businesses and foreign governments.
Robert Hunter Biden is an American attorney, businessman and artist. He has also been a hedge fund, venture capital and private-equity fund investor. He formerly worked as a lobbyist, banker, public administration official and registered lobbyist-firm attorney.
In 1991 Azerbaijan recovered its independence from the Soviet Union which was recognized by Greece on December 31, 1991. Diplomatic relations were established in 1992. The Greek embassy in Baku was opened in the spring of 1993. The embassy of Azerbaijan in Athens was opened in August 2004.
Novruzali Khanmammad oğlu Mammadov was an Azerbaijani philologist, journalist and activist of Talysh ethnicity. He was the founder and editor of the now-defunct newspaper Tolyshi Sado. Mammadov also worked at the Nasimi Institute of Linguistics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences and headed a Talysh cultural center, which was closed after his imprisonment.
Ilham Heydar oghlu Aliyev is an Azerbaijani politician serving as the fourth President of Azerbaijan since 31 October 2003. He is former Prime Minister of Azerbaijan.
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Ziya Mammadov Arzuman oglu is an Azerbaijani politician and billionaire who served as the Minister of Transportation. BBC News has described him as among "the wealthiest and most powerful in the governing elite" in Azerbaijan. Mammadov has been implicated in a number of corruption scandals and exposes, including the Azerbaijani laundromat scandal.
Hilal Mammadov is an Azerbaijani journalist and human rights activist. He is the chief editor of the Baku-based newspaper "Tolyshi sado", the only newspaper in Azerbaijan printed in the minority Talysh language. After Novruzali Mammadov died in custody, Hilal Mamedov became a second community leader for the Talysh people. He is also known as the author of the meykhana video Ty kto takoy? Davay, do svidaniya! which became an Internet meme both in Azerbaijan and Post-Soviet states.
Arif Mammadov is an Azerbaijani former diplomat and opposition activist.
Trump International Hotel & Tower Baku is an unfinished 33-floor hotel and condominium tower located in the Nasimi District in Baku, Azerbaijan. Construction began in 2008, when the project was initially planned as an apartment building. The project is owned by Baku XXI Century, a company affiliated with several members of the Mammadov family, which has been described as having a reputation for corruption.
Caviar diplomacy is a lobbying strategy of Azerbaijan, consisting of costly invitations to foreign politicians and employees of international organizations to Azerbaijan at the expense of the host country. Caviar diplomacy also includes expensive gifts presented as "a tribute to the Eastern tradition."
Bijan R. Kian, sometimes written Bijan Rafiekian, is an Iranian-American businessman, who is based in San Juan Capistrano, California. He has been an executive or board member of many businesses and organizations.
Maria Valeryevna Butina is a Russian politician, political activist, journalist, and former entrepreneur who was convicted in 2018 of acting as an unregistered foreign agent of Russia within the United States.
The Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft is a U.S. think tank founded in 2019 and located in Washington, D.C., named after former U.S. president John Quincy Adams. It has been described as realist and as advocating restraint in U.S. foreign policy.
Huseyngulu Mammadov — was a Georgian politician of Azerbaijani origins.
References
- 1 2 "Inside Azerbaijan's Bizarre U.S. Lobbying Push". BuzzFeed News. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- 1 2 "UK at centre of secret $3bn Azerbaijani money laundering and lobbying scheme". the Guardian. 2017-09-04. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ↑ "Azerbaijan boom benefits super-rich oil elite". BBC News. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- 1 2 3 Choma, Russ. "Donald Trump is doing business with a controversial Azerbaijani oligarch". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ↑ "Tale of Trump and partner in Azerbaijan real estate project". AP NEWS. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 2021-07-05.