 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.(March 2022) |
An anticanon is a legal text that is now viewed as wrongly reasoned or decided. [1] [2] The term "anticanon" stands in distinction to the canon, which contains basic principles or rulings that almost all people support. [3]
The anticanon in U.S. constitutional law is a small set of U.S. Supreme Court judgments that have subsequently become widely considered to have been grievously mistaken for their poor legal reasoning and negative consequences. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Anticanon judgments usually uphold government policies that promote discrimination and oppression. [9] Many have never been formally overturned, though the Supreme Court has usually limited their later effects, rhetorically repudiated them, and refused to cite them in subsequent cases.
These cases are: [4]
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): held that the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and thus they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens. [10] Overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees citizenship to "[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof."
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): established the doctrine of separate but equal by holding that racial segregation does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment as long as facilities are equal in quality. [11] Overturned (de facto) by Brown v. Board of Education , which held that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. [11]
Lochner v. New York (1905): held that a New York statute prescribing maximum working hours for bakers violated the bakers' right to freedom of contract under the Fourteenth Amendment. [12] Lochner is part of the Lochner era in constitutional law, wherein the Supreme Court struck down many state economic regulations under the doctrine of substantive due process. [13] : 36 The Lochner era ended in the late 1930s, usually attributed to progressive reformer Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing threat, with "the switch in time that saved nine" in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) (upholding a minimum wage law enacted by Washington state). [13] : 47
Korematsu v. United States (1944): upheld the exclusion of Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area during World War II, permitting the removal of West Coast Japanese Americans to exclusion camps. Decided on the same day as Ex parte Endo , which held that loyal citizens could not be detained without a hearing. Ex parte Endo effectively ended Japanese American exclusion and internment. Chief Justice John Roberts explicitly repudiated the Korematsu decision in his majority opinion in the 2018 case of Trump v. Hawaii.
This discussion raises the question of whether other constitutional systems have their own "anticanons." That question exceeds this Article's scope, but two possible examples come to mind.