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The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) intelligence agency of Pakistan has been accused of being heavily involved in covertly running military intelligence programs in Afghanistan since before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The first ISI operation in Afghanistan took place in 1975. It was in "retaliation to Republic of Afghanistan's proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan". Before 1975, ISI did not conduct any operation in Afghanistan and it was only after decade of Republic of Afghanistan's proxy war against Pakistan, support to militants and armed incursion in 1960 and 1961 in Bajaur that Pakistan was forced to retaliate. Later on, in the 1980s, the ISI in Operation Cyclone systematically coordinated the distribution of arms and financial means provided by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to factions of the Afghan mujahideen such as the Hezb-e Islami (HeI) of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud whose forces would later be known as the Northern Alliance. After the Soviet retreat, the different Mujahideen factions turned on each other and were unable to come to a power sharing deal which resulted in a civil war. The United States, along with the ISI and the Pakistani government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto became the primary source of support for Hekmatyar in his 1992–1994 bombardment campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the capital Kabul.
References
- ↑ Clements, Frank; Adamec, Ludwig W. (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 322. ISBN 978-1-85109-402-8.
- ↑ Bowersox, Gary W. (2004). The Gem Hunter: True Adventures of an American in Afghanistan. Honolulu, HI: GeoVision, Inc. p. 113. ISBN 0-9747323-1-1.
- ↑ "Afghan governor shot dead" . Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ↑ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007). Demystifying Kashmir. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-8157-0860-2.
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