The Kara-Khanid Khanate was a Turkic dynasty that ruled in Transoxania in Central Asia, ruled by a dynasty known in literature as the Karakhanids or Ilek Khanids. Both the dynastic names of Karakhanids and Ilek Khanids refer to royal titles with Kara Kağan being the most important Turkish title up till the end of the dynasty.
The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, and was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in Mongolia, the Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea of Japan, extending northwards into parts of Siberia; eastwards and southwards into the Indian subcontinent, Mainland Southeast Asia and the Iranian Plateau; and westwards as far as the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.
Naadam is a traditional festival in Mongolia. The festival is also locally termed "eriin gurvan naadam" "the three games of men". The games are Mongolian wrestling, horse racing, and archery, and are held throughout the country during midsummer. Women have started participating in the archery and girls in the horse-racing games, but not in Mongolian wrestling.
The Sultanate of Rûm (also known as the Rûm sultanate, Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk State or Turkey Seljuk State was a Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim state established in the parts of Anatolia which had been conquered from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Empire, which was established by the Seljuk Turks. The name Rûm was a synonym for Greek, as it remains in modern Turkish, although it derives from the Arabic name for Romans, الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, itself a loan from Greek Ῥωμαῖοι, "Romans"; ie. citizens superordinate to Latin-speakers.
Güyük was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1246 to 1248.
Tümengken Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji, was a noble in Northern Khalkha. He expanded into Amdo to help the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism but was overthrown by Güshi Khan, who supported the rival Gelug sect.
Il-Arslan was the Shah of Khwarezm from 1156 until 1172. He was the son of Atsïz.
Arslanghali khan was a khan of the Qasim Khanate from 1614 to 1627, and a son of Ghali khan and a grandson of Kuchum. In 1598 he was captured by the Russians during Kuchum's final defeat. In the time of Troubles he with his father fought against the False Dmitriys. Supporting Mikhail Romanov, he became a khan in the vassal Qasim Khanate, but his rule was limited and rather formal: only the Muslims and Kasimov population obeyed him.
Kilij Arslan IV or Rukn ad-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Kaykhusraw was Seljuq Sultan of Rûm after the death of his father Kaykhusraw II in 1246. He was installed by the Mongol Empire, as sultan over his elder brother, Kaykaus II. He was executed in 1266 by the Pervâne Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman.
Kaykhusraw III or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Qilij Arslān was between two and six years old when in 1265 he was named Seljuq Sultan of Rûm. He was the son of Kilij Arslan IV, the weak representative of the Seljuq line who was controlled by the Pervane, Mu’in al-Din Suleyman.
Wolf of the Plains (2007) is a historical novel from English author Conn Iggulden. It is the first book in the Conqueror series based on the Mongols of the Asian steppes. It is titled Genghis: Birth of an Empire in the United States.
Kayqubad II was the youngest of the three sons of the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm Kaykhusraw II. As son of the sultan’s favorite wife, the Georgian princess Tamar, he was designated heir. He had a weak constitution and was likely seven years old at the time of his father’s death in 1246, being born ca. 1238/39.
The Asud were a military group of Alani origin. The Mongol clan Asud is the plural of As, the Arabic name for the Alans.
Manduul Khan , was the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia, and he was the younger half-brother of Taisun Khan.
There were several Mongol invasions of Tibet. The earliest is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by Genghis Khan in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240. The first confirmed campaign is the invasion of Tibet by the Mongol general Doorda Darkhan in 1240, a campaign of 30,000 troops that resulted in 500 casualties. The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. The purpose of this attack is unclear, and is still in debate among Tibetologists. Then in the late 1240s Mongolian prince Godan invited Sakya lama Sakya Pandita, who urged other leading Tibetan figures to submit to Mongol authority. This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of patron and priest relationship between Mongols and Tibetans. These relations were continued by Kublai Khan, who founded the Mongol Yuan dynasty and granted authority over whole Tibet to Drogon Chogyal Phagpa, nephew of Sakya Pandita. The Sakya-Mongol administrative system and Yuan administrative rule over the region lasted until the mid-14th century, when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble.
Karma Tenkyong, in full Karma Tenkyong Wangpo, was a king of Tibet who ruled from 1620 to 1642. He belonged to the Tsangpa Dynasty which had been prominent in Tsang since 1565. His reign was marked by the increasingly bitter struggle against the Gelugpa sect and its leader the Dalai Lama. The final outcome was the crushing of the Tsangpa regime and the establishment of the Dharma-based Tibetan state that endured until 1950.
Shams al-Din Isfahani was a Persian vizier and military commander in medieval Anatolia. He served as deputy (na'eb) to Sultan Kaykhusraw II of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and as the commander-in-chief of his army. After the formal submission of the Sultanate to the Mongol Empire, he became deputy to the Mongol ruler Batu Khan (r. 1227–1255) in Anatolia. He later reached the apex of his power when he became the new vizier of the Sultanate of Rum, and its de facto ruler for a short period after Kaykhusraw's death.
