Related Research Articles
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing organic molecules originating in ancient photosynthesis that release energy in combustion. Such organisms and their resulting fossil fuels typically have an age of millions of years, and sometimes more than 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Commonly used derivatives of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon-to-hydrogen ratios, to liquids, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.
Snøhvit(English: Snow White) is the name of a natural gas field in the Norwegian Sea, situated 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Hammerfest, Norway. The northern part of the Norwegian Sea is often described as the Barents Sea by offshore petroleum companies. Snøhvit is also the name of a development of Snøhvit and the two neighbouring natural gas fields Albatross and Askeladden. Estimated recoverable reserves are 193 billion cubic metres of natural gas, 113 million barrels of condensate, and 5.1 million tonnes of natural gas liquids (NGL). The development comprises 21 wells. The Snøhvit development is operated by Equinor on behalf of six gas companies owning licenses:
Tengiz field is an oil field located in northwestern Kazakhstan's low-lying wetlands along the northeast shores of the Caspian Sea. It covers a 2,500 km2 (970 sq mi) project license area which also includes a smaller Korolev field as well as several exploratory prospects.
The China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major national oil and gas corporation of China and one of the largest integrated energy groups in the world. Its headquarters are in Dongcheng District, Beijing. CNPC was ranked fourth in 2020 Fortune Global 500, a global ranking of the largest corporations by revenue.
Karachaganak Field is a gas condensate field about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Aksai (Aksai) in northwest Kazakhstan. It was once a massive Permian and Carboniferous reef complex covering an area 30 by 15 square kilometres. At its largest point, the reservoir contains a gas column 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) deep with a 200 metres (660 ft) deep oil rim below it. It is estimated to contain 1.2 trillion cubic metres of gas and one billion tonnes of liquid condensate and crude oil. Discovered in 1979, it began production under Karachaganckgazprom, a subsidiary of Gazprom. In 1992, AGIP and British Gas were awarded sole negotiating rights, forming a partnership company. In 1997, Texaco and Lukoil signed a 40-year production sharing agreement with the original two companies and the Kazakhstan government to develop the field for world markets. The agreement was turned under a partnership company known as Karachaganak Petroleum Operating (KPO) where Royal Dutch Shell and ENI are joint operators with a 29.25% stake each in the company, and with Chevron and Lukoil owning 18% and 13.5% respectively. In September 2009 the KPO filed an arbitration case against Kazakhstan. President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Maksat Idenov to lead the negotiations, after which the arbitration was suspended towards an amicable settlement of the dispute and KazMunayGas engaged in entrance into the project in 2010. Under the terms of an agreement reached on December 14, 2011, the Republic of Kazakhstan has acquired through KazMunayGas a 10% stake for $2 billion cash and $1 billion non-cash consideration.
Kashagan Field is an offshore oil field in Kazakhstan's zone of the Caspian Sea. The field, discovered in 2000, is located in the northern part of the Caspian Sea close to Atyrau and is considered the world's largest discovery in the last 30 years, combined with the Tengiz Field. When discovered, it was the second largest oil field in the world.
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is an Indian government owned corporation and multinational crude oil and gas entity. Its registered office is in New Delhi. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It is the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in the country, and produces around 70% of India's crude oil and around 84% of its natural gas. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the Maharatna status to ONGC.
Brazil is the largest energy consumer in South America. It is the most important oil and gas producer in the region and the world's largest ethanol fuel producer. The government agencies responsible for energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE), the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) and the National Agency of Electricity (ANEEL). State-owned companies Petrobras and Eletrobras are the major players in Brazil's energy sector, as well as Latin America's.
Mongstad is an industrial site in Vestland county, Norway. The site sits on the border of the municipalities of Alver and Austrheim, with most of the site in Alver. The site features an oil refinery for Equinor and other oil companies, including Shell. At Mongstad, Equinor has a crude oil terminal with a capacity of 9.5 million barrels (1,510,000 m3). The port at Mongstad is the largest in Norway, measured in tonnage. The refinery at Mongstad is modern, and has been extensively upgraded, with a capacity of 12 million tonnes of crude oil per year. The refinery is the largest in Norway, though medium-sized by European standards. It is owned by a company called Mongstad Refining, in which Equinor has whole ownership.
Oman LNG is a LNG plant in Qalhat near Sur, Oman. The company was established by the Royal decree of Sultan Qaboos of Oman in 1994. The construction was launched in November 1996, and the plant was commissioned in September 2000. Oman LNG operates three LNG trains with a total capacity of 10.4 million tonnes per year. The company's production facilities are located on the coast at Qalhat near Sur in the South Sharqiyah Governorate, Oman.
Energy in Kazakhstan describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Kazakhstan. Energy policy of Kazakhstan describes the politics of Kazakhstan related to energy.
Vitol is a Dutch energy and commodity trading company that was founded in Rotterdam in 1966 by Henk Viëtor and Jacques Detiger. Though physical trading, logistics and distribution are at the core of the business, these are complemented by refining, shipping, terminals, exploration and production, power generation, and retail businesses. Vitol has 40 offices worldwide and its largest operations are in Geneva, Houston, London, and Singapore. With revenues of $231 billion in 2018, it is the largest independent energy trader in the world, and would rank ninth on the Fortune Global 500 list. Because Vitol does not publish its profits widely, much like most of its competitors in commodity trading, it is largely excluded from rankings. But the company does provide financial information to its lenders and some energy groups with which it trades. The company ships more than 350 million tonnes of crude oil per year and controls 250 supertankers and other vessels to move it around the world. On average it handles more than 7 million barrels a day of oil and products - roughly equivalent to the daily consumption of Japan - the world's third largest oil consumer after the United States and China.
Romania is the 38th largest energy consumer in the world and the largest in South Eastern Europe as well as an important producer of natural gas, oil and coal in Europe.
Krishna Godavari Basin is a peri-cratonic passive margin basin in India. It is spread across more than 50,000 square kilometres in the Krishna River and Godavari River basins in Andhra Pradesh. The site is known for the D-6 block where Reliance Industries discovered the biggest natural gas reserves in India in 2003
Borankol Oil Field is an oil field located in Mangystau Province. It was discovered in 1998 and developed by Ascom Group. In 2010, the Republic of Kazakhstan cancelled the Subsoil Use Contracts for Borankol and the neighbouring Tolkyn gas field. The total proven reserves of the Borankol oil field are around 21.3 million barrels (3×106tonnes), and production is centered on 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m3/d).
Tolkyn gas field is a natural gas field located in Mangystau Province. It was discovered in 2001 and developed by Ascom Group. In 2010, the Republic of Kazakhstan cancelled the Subsoil Use Contracts for Tolkyn and the neighbouring Borankol oil field. The total proven reserves of the Tolkyn gas field are around 1.25 trillion cubic feet (35×109m³), and production is centered on 128.8 million cubic feet/day (3.65×106m³).
The Uzen Oil Field is an oil field located in Mangystau Province, Khazakstan. It was discovered in 1961 and developed by KazMunayGas. The oil field is operated and owned by KazMunayGas. The total proven reserves of the Uzen oil field are around 1.5 Billion barrels (201×106tonnes), and production is centered on 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d).
The Zapolyarnoye gas field is a natural gas field located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It was discovered in 1965 and developed by and Gazprom. It began production in 2001 and produces natural gas, oil, and condensates. The total proven reserves of the Zapolyarnoye gas field are around 95 trillion cubic feet (2300×109m³), and production is slated to be around 9.74 Billion cubic feet/day (274×105m³) in 2010.
The Morgan oil field is an oil field located in the Gulf of Suez. It was discovered in 1965 and developed by Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company. It began production in 1966 and produces oil and natural gas. This is the Egyptian account of discovery for reasons of gaining back the Sinai from Israel in the Camp David Accords in 1977. In fact, King Resources Company of the Israel MidBar Concession (of which King Resources Company was a Partner and the Operator) actually made the major producing discovery in 1969 at initial production of 110,000 barrels of oil per day. The total proven reserves of the Morgan oil field are around 2.7 billion barrels (362×106tonnes), and production is centered on 40,000 barrels per day (6,400 m3/d).
The Val Shatsky oil field is a Russian oil field that was discovered in 2007 and located on the continental shelf of the Black Sea. It will begin production in 2018 and will produce oil and natural gas. The total proven reserves of the Val Shatsky oil field are around 6.32 billion barrels (860×106tonnes), and production will be centered on 390,000 barrels per day (62,000 m3/d).
