Asset tokenization

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Asset tokenization is the transcription of an asset into a digital token on a blockchain or a digital platform with similar properties. [1] Most tokenized assets to date are stablecoins representing a claim on a monetary reserve. Financial assets such as bonds and shares have also been tokenized and initiatives have extended the model to other types of assets. Tokens can represent ownership, rights, or claims on tangible or intangible assets and may be traded or transferred on digital platforms. [2]

Contents

Concept

Tokenization is simultaneously a legal and technical operation. According to Lavayssière [1] , three components condition the legal certainty, technical robustness, and the subsequent composability of a tokenized asset:

  1. Legal linkbetween token and asset: Tokenisation can be direct (the token natively embodies the asset), or indirect (the token represents the value via intermediary structures). [3]
  2. Characteristics of thetechnical substrate: such as sharedness, trust‑minimisation, and programmability. [4]
  3. Possession model: ranging from self‑custody of cryptographic keys to traditional custodians.

Historical Development

The concept of tokenization gained significant momentum in the 2020s as financial institutions began exploring tokenized securities and digital asset infrastructure. [5] [6] [7]

By 2024, major banks and fintech firms had launched pilot programs for asset tokenization and wholesale central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), while regulators in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and others introduced frameworks to support tokenized assets. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Use cases

Asset tokenization leverages blockchain technology to digitize assets such as real estate, equities, commodities, intellectual property, and art.

Benefits

Proponents of asset tokenization highlight the following benefits:

Challenges

Despite its potential, asset tokenization faces several challenges:

Regulatory Developments

Several jurisdictions have modified their laws to facilitate asset tokenisation: [3]

International institutions such as the BIS, the FSB, and the IMF assess tokenization’s implications for monetary policy and consumer protection. [33] [34] [4]

Future Outlook

Analysts and institutions including McKinsey & Company project significant growth in tokenized asset markets, suggesting a transformative impact on capital markets infrastructure. McKinsey estimates tokenized market capitalization across real-world asset classes could reach around US $2 trillion by 2030 in a base-case scenario and up to US $4 trillion in an optimistic one. [35] [36] Other forecasts are even more ambitious: for example, a report from Security Token Market cited by CoinDesk projects the market could swell to US $30 trillion by 2030. [37] This growth is expected to be driven by advances in blockchain interoperability, cross-border token standards, and integration with central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). [35] [37]

References

  1. 1 2 Lavayssière, Xavier (2024). "Research Note on the Heterogeneity of the Tokenization of Financial Assets". 2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS). pp. 1–2. doi:10.1109/BRAINS63024.2024.10732456. ISBN   979-8-3503-6784-3.
  2. 1 2 "How tokenization is transforming global finance and investment". World Economic Forum . December 10, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
  3. 1 2 Lavayssière, Xavier (2025-05-15). "Legal Structures of Tokenised Assets". European Journal of Risk Regulation: 1–13. doi:10.1017/err.2024.88. ISSN   1867-299X.
  4. 1 2 Agur, Itai; Mancini-Griffoli, Tommaso; Martinez Peria, Maria; Tan, Brandon; Villegas Bauer, German (2025). Tokenization and Financial Market Inefficiencies. Fintech Notes. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund. ISBN   979-8-4002-9890-5.
  5. "Asset Tokenization: Revolutionizing Global Finance". Forbes. 2024-04-03. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  6. "Asset Tokenization: What Is It And Why Banks Are Embracing It". Bloomberg. 2024-10-16. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  7. "From ripples to waves: The transformational power of tokenizing assets". McKinsey & Company. June 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  8. "Bank of England eyes wholesale CBDC pilot". Financial News London. July 30, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  9. "Australia takes another step toward central bank digital currency". Reuters. July 10, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  10. "From ripples to waves: The transformational power of tokenizing assets". McKinsey & Company. June 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  11. "Bank of England to carry out CBDC digital ledger experiments". Coindesk. July 30, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  12. "Top commercial banks join G7-led central bank digital currency trial". Reuters. September 16, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  13. "Swiss National Bank exploring ways to tokenise financial assets". Reuters. May 6, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  14. "RBA announces huge crypto move". News.com.au via Reuters. July 10, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  15. "Regulated digital asset tokenization at GIFT soon". The Times of India. 2024-12-08. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  16. "Tokenization of Private Assets: Unlocking Liquidity, Transparency and Access in Modern Finance". CAIA Association. January 17, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  17. "Blockchain Asset Tokenization with Kinexys". J.P. Morgan Insights. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  18. "Connecting Real World to Any Blockchain". Bloomberg. 2024-05-16. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  19. "Unlocking The Potential Of Asset Tokenization In Islamic Finance". Forbes Business Council. May 15, 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  20. "Islamic Finance 2.0: Innovation, Tokenisation and the Evolution of Sukuk Markets in the GCC". White & Case. June 4, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  21. 1 2 3 "From ripples to waves: The transformational power of tokenizing assets". McKinsey & Company. June 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  22. 1 2 "Tokenization of Private Assets: Unlocking Liquidity, Transparency and Access in Modern Finance". CAIA Association. January 17, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  23. 1 2 3 "How tokenization is transforming global finance and investment". World Economic Forum. December 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  24. "Guidelines on Asset Tokenization by the Telangana State Government". King Stubb & Kasiva. December 30, 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  25. "Telangana announces launch of Asset Tokenization Standard Framework". Telangana Today. July 22, 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  26. "The tokenisation of assets and potential implications for financial markets" (PDF). OECD. March 2020. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  27. "Regulatory Challenges of Tokenizing Real‑World Assets". RWA.io. February 24, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  28. "Asset tokenization now and in the future". State Street. December 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  29. "Banks' drive to 'tokenise' assets moves slower than expected". Reuters. June 5, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  30. "Interest in GIFT City's Real Estate Digital Assets Growing". The Times of India. February 22, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  31. "The tokenization tide: reshaping 21st century real estate". Mondaq (citing IFSCA). 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  32. "Technical Guidance Note on Asset Tokenization" (PDF). Telangana IT Dept. December 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  33. "III. The next‑generation monetary and financial system". BIS Annual Report 2025. June 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  34. "The financial stability implications of tokenisation". FSB. October 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  35. 1 2 "From ripples to waves: The transformational power of tokenizing assets". McKinsey & Company. June 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  36. "The tides of tokenization". McKinsey & Company. July 22, 2024. Retrieved 2025-07-15.
  37. 1 2 "RWA Tokenization Is Going to Trillions Much Faster Than You Think". CoinDesk. February 7, 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-15.