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Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt. The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion, which emerged sometime in prehistory. Deities represented natural forces and phenomena, and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat, or divine order. After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC, the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh, who claimed to be the gods' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out.
Ra or Re was the ancient Egyptian deity of the Sun. By the Fifth Dynasty, in the 25th and 24th centuries BC, he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the noon-day sun. Ra ruled in all parts of the created world: the sky, the Earth, and the underworld. He was believed to have ruled as the first pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. He was the god of the sun, order, kings and the sky.
Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths from ancient Egypt, which describe the actions of the Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and temple decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments.
Geb, also known as Ceb, was the Egyptian god of the Earth and a mythological member of the Ennead of Heliopolis. He could also be considered a father of snakes. It was believed in ancient Egypt that Geb's laughter created earthquakes and that he allowed crops to grow.
Kiaše, also spelled Kiaže or Kiyaši was a Hurrian deity representing the sea. Sometimes in modern scholarship, he is simply referred to as "the Sea" or "the Sea God."
The Amherst papyri are a collection of ancient papyri now mostly kept in the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. They were acquired by John Pierpont Morgan in 1912. They are named for Lord Amherst of Hackney, who began assembling the collection in the 1860s through purchases from R. T. Lieder and John Lee. He kept them at Didlington Hall in Norfolk.
References
- ↑ Kaelin, Oskar (2016-11-22), "Gods in Ancient Egypt", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.244, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8 , retrieved 2024-01-29
- 1 2 Pehal, Martin (2008-09-16). Interpreting ancient Egyptian mythology. A structural analysis of the Tale of the two brothers and the Astarte papyrus.
- 1 2 Moers, Gerald (2010-04-23), Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.), "New Kingdom Literature", A Companion to Ancient Egypt (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 685–708, doi:10.1002/9781444320053.ch31, ISBN 978-1-4051-5598-4 , retrieved 2024-01-29
- ↑ Kelly, Adrian; Metcalf, Christopher (2021-05-06). Gods and Mortals in Early Greek and Near Eastern Mythology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48024-6.
- ↑ Ayali-Darshan, Nogah (2015). "The Other Version of the Story of the Storm-god's Combat with the Sea in the Light of Egyptian, Ugaritic, and Hurro-Hittite Texts". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 15 (1): 20. ISSN 1569-2124.
- 1 2 Moers, Gerald (2010-04-23), Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.), "New Kingdom Literature", A Companion to Ancient Egypt (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 685–708, doi:10.1002/9781444320053.ch31, ISBN 978-1-4051-5598-4 , retrieved 2024-01-29
- ↑ Shupak, Nili (2006). "'He Hath Subdued the Water Monster/Crocodile': God's Battle with the Sea in Egyptian Sources". Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society Ex Orient Lux. 40.
- ↑ Percy E. Newberry, The Amherst Papyri in the Collection of the Right Hon. Lord Amherst of Hackney, London: Quaritch, 1899, p. 47, pl. xix–xxi.
- ↑ Pehal 2014, p. 49.
- ↑ Birch, Samuel (1871). "Varia". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache [ZÄS]: 119–120.
- ↑ Pehal 2014.
