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Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism, and asceticism.
Repentance is reviewing one's actions and feeling contrition or regret for past or present wrongdoings, which is accompanied by commitment to and actual actions that show and prove a change for the better.
Islamic studies refers to the academic study of Islam, which is analogous to related fields such as Jewish studies and Quranic studies. Islamic studies seeks to understand the past and the potential future of the Islamic world. In this multidisciplinary program, scholars from diverse areas participate and exchange ideas pertaining to the particular field of study.
Fakir, faqeer, or faqīr, derived from faqr, is an Islamic term traditionally used for Sufi Muslim ascetics who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the worship of God. They do not necessarily renounce all relationships, or take vows of poverty, but the adornments of the temporal worldly life are kept in perspective. The connotations of poverty associated with the term relate to their spiritual neediness, not necessarily their physical neediness.
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Tawba is the Islamic concept of repenting to God due to performing any sins and misdeeds. It is a direct matter between a person and God, so there is no intercession. There is no original sin in Islam. It is the act of leaving what God has prohibited and returning to what he has commanded. The word denotes the act of being repentant for one's misdeeds, atoning for those misdeeds, and having a strong determination to forsake those misdeeds. If someone sins against another person, restitution is required.
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Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, the mystical tradition within Islam, also termed as Tasawwuf or Faqr according to its adherents. Sufism and its philosophical tradition may be associated with both Sunni and Shia branches of Islam. It has been suggested that Sufi thought emerged from the Middle East in the eighth century CE, but adherents are now found around the world.
Abu Talib Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makki, was a hadith scholar, Shafi'i jurist, and Sufi mystic.
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Sin is an important concept in Islamic ethics that Muslims view as being anything that goes against the commands of God or breaching the laws and norms laid down by religion. Islam teaches that sin is an act and not a state of being. It is believed that God weighs an individual's good deeds against their sins on the Day of Judgement and punishes those individuals whose evil deeds outweigh their good deeds.
Maqām refers to each stage a Sufi's soul must attain in its search for God. The stations are derived from the most routine considerations a Sufi must deal with on a day-to-day basis and is essentially an embodiment of both mystical knowledge and Islamic law (Sharia). Although the number and order of maqamat are not universal the majority agree on the following seven: Tawba, Wara', Zuhd, Faqr, Ṣabr, Tawakkul, and Riḍā. Sufis believe that these stations are the grounds of the spiritual life, and they are viewed as a mode through which the most elemental aspects of daily life begin to play a vital role in the overall attainment of oneness with God.
Nāṣir ad-Dīn ʿUbaydullāh ibn Maḥmūd ibn Shihāb ad-Dīn more popularly known as Khwaja Ahrar was a member of the Golden Chain of the Naqshbandi Sufi spiritual order of Central Asia. He was born in Samarkand, city in Central Asia, to a Muslim family. He was born to Khwaja Mehmood Shashi bin Khwaja Shihabuddin. His forefathers had migrated from Baghdad, and his lineage was connected to Abu Bakr Siddique from his paternal side and Umar Farooq from the maternal side. Khwaja Ahrar was deeply involved in the social, political and economics activities of Transoxania. He was born into a relatively poor yet highly spiritual family and, at the age of maturity, he was probably the richest person in the kingdom. He was a close associate of all the leading dervishes of the time. Maulana Abdur Rahman Jami was a disciple of his. He learned and practiced the secrets of spirituality under his father and later under Khwaja Yaqub Charkhi.
Mohammed Rustom is a Canadian Islamic studies scholar. He is professor of Islamic thought and global philosophy at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada and Director of the Carleton Centre for the Study of Islam. His research interests include Arabic and Persian Sufi literature, Islamic philosophy, Qur’anic exegesis, translation theory, and cross-cultural philosophy.
Caner Dagli is a Circassian-American Islamic scholar and associate professor of Religious Studies at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Yousef Casewit is an American Quranic scholar and assistant professor of Qur'anic Studies at the University of Chicago.
This bibliography of Ashraf Ali Thanwi is a selected list of generally available scholarly resources related to Ashraf Ali Thanwi, a leading Islamic scholar, philosopher, writer, preacher, reformer, the author of about one thousands books. He didn't write an autobiography during his lifetime. However, Aziz al-Hasan Ghouri, an authorized disciple of Thanwi, compiled a book from 1935 to 1943, into four volumes entitled Ashraf al-Sawaneh, which is the first and most important book and prime source on the biography of Thanwi. Another Maqalat Hakeemul Ummat was compiled in 34 volumes under the supervision of Taqi Usmani, collected from about 350 publications of Thanwi. This list will include his biographies, theses written on him and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, seminars, websites etc. in APA style.
References
- ↑ "Atif Khalil". Carleton Centre for the Study of Islam. 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ↑ "Atif Khalil". University of Lethbridge. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
- ↑ Reviews of Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism:
- Faruque, Muhammad U. (2020-12-15). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism, written by Atif Khalil". Journal of Islamic Ethics. 4 (1–2): 259–263. doi: 10.1163/24685542-12340022 . ISSN 2468-5534.
- Zaidi, Ali Hassan (2022). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism by Atif Khalil". Philosophy East and West. 72 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1353/pew.2022.0024. ISSN 1529-1898.
- Shaker, Anthony F. (2022). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism. By Atif Khalil. pp. 260. New York, SUNY Press, 2018". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 32 (3): 707–709. doi:10.1017/S1356186321000717. ISSN 1356-1863.
- Jafar, Imad (2019-07-10). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism (by Atif Khalil)". American Journal of Islam and Society. 36 (3): 76–81. doi:10.35632/ajis.v36i3.622. ISSN 2690-3741.
- Zargar, Cyrus Ali (2022-06-21). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism. By Atif Khalil". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 142 (2). doi:10.7817/jaos.142.2.2022.r0034. ISSN 2169-2289.
- Orhan, Abdullah Taha (2019-11-15). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism, Atif Khalil". Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences). 5 (2): 220–224. doi: 10.12658/Nazariyat.5.2.D0068en .
- Ali, Mukhtar H. (2021-06-30). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism, written by Atif Khalil". Journal of Sufi Studies. 9 (2): 247–253. doi:10.1163/22105956-12341323. ISSN 2210-5948.
- Dickson, William Rory (2022). "Book Reviews / Compte Rendus: Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. 51 (2): 287–288. doi:10.1177/00084298211022135. ISSN 0008-4298.
- Richmond, Joel (2020-07-01). "Repentance and the Return to God: Tawba in Early Sufism". The Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures. 46 (2): 195–197. doi:10.5325/jmedirelicult.46.2.0195. ISSN 1947-6566.