Australian National Council on Drugs

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The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) describes itself as "the principal advisory body to Government on drug policy and plays a critical role in ensuring the voice of the community is heard in relation to drug related policies and strategies." The Council occupies a unique position by virtue of its role in enhancing the partnership between the government and the community. It has pivotal advisory, advocacy and representative functions, with a significant role to provide government Ministers with independent, expert advice on matters related to licit and illicit drugs. [1]

Contents

It was chaired by Dr John Herron. [2]

Australian National Council on Drugs
AbbreviationANCD
Named afterAustralian National Advisory Council on alcohol and drugs
FounderPrime Minister
Founded atCanberra
Purposereduce the harm caused by drugs in Australia
Location
  • Canberra, Australia
Website www.ancd.org.au

History

In 1998, the Prime Minister established the ANCD as part of the Commonwealth Government's response to reduce the harm caused by drugs in Australia. [3]

In 2004, National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee (NIADC) was established by The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) specially provide the most suitable and efficient solution for ANCD to solve the problems of Indigenous drug and alcohol in Australia. [4]

The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) were renamed as Australian National Advisory Council on alcohol and drugs(ANACAD). [5]

Role

The Australian Government Department of Health has listed a number of roles of the Australian National Council on Drugs:

1.  The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) provided confidential suggestion to support Australian Government on:

2. Suggesting the implementation and evaluation strategies of policies and practices that provide temporary demonstrable benefits; and continuing strategies that affects alcohol and other drug channels.

3.  Providing advices and supporting Australian Government’s dedication to the new Drug Strategy and frameworks.

4.  Counselling on Drugs prevention education activities through National Drugs campaign.

5.    Reporting directly to the Minister of Health responsible for drug policy.

6.     Providing yearly reports to Prime minister

7.     Engaging Indigenous expert on drug uses issues. [6]

Members

The ANCD members involve experts with experience relating to drugs. [6]

Position [6] Name [6] Start Date [7] End Date [7]
ChairmanMrs. Kay Hull1 January 201831 December 2020
DuputyProfessor. Steve Allsop1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberDr. Robert Ali1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberMr. John Rogerson1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberDr. Diana Egerton-Warburton1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberMs. Jo Baxter1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberMr. Frank Quinlan1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberDetective Superintendent Anthony Fleming1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberDr. James Fitzpatrick1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberAssociate Professor James Ward1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberMs. Rebecca Lang1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberDr. Nicole Lee1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberMr. Jack Nagle1 January 201831 December 2020
MemberAdjunct Associate Professor Pattie Hudson1 January 201831 December 2020

Sub-Committee

National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee (NIADC)

Excessive drug use causes related harm to Indigenous Australians. Strategies to address these significant problems are the key focus of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander supplementary action plan, was approved by the Council of Ministers for drug strategy.

In 2004, The Australian National Council on Drugs established National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol (NIADC) as a part of Federal Government specifically provides advice to ANCD to solve the drug issues of indigenous in Australia.

National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol (NIADC) plays an important role in ensuring that Indigenous Australians have a voice in the development of policies and programs that affect their communities. NIADC provides high-quality and independent advice to the government through consultation feedback and the expertise of its members to help Indigenous Australians tackle alcohol and other drug problems, [4] and funding for indigenous treatment and related support services [8]

In December 2014, NIADC was defunded and closed their website. The NIADC website contents were archived by ATODA website. [9]

Support and Treatment

The problematic drug uses impact the parents, carers and other family members of youth substance abusers. There are three key supports for family members of youth abusers:

Support intercessions for family members of youth with difficulty on substance use.

Behavioural exchange systems training (BEST)

The BEST program includes Family Therapy and Behaviour Therapy. [10] The aspects of this program are to improve parents of young substance abusers' emotional wellbeing, and focus on addressing the relationship between responsibility and shame. [11]

According to the previous work on their parents, researchers recognised most parents blame themselves by their drug – abusing kids. Secondly, adolescents' behaviours determine their parents emotional state and Well – Being. This Program concentrated on understanding and changing the interaction between young people and their parents which depended on young people's behaviour and parents’discernment on their behaviour and their relationship. [11]

The BEST program is a nine-week curriculum, was designed for the child aged between 12–24 years old, consist of eight weekly meetings. [12]

The first four weeks of the program focused on challenging parents to take different views of the relationship between parents and young people. The separation of adolescent development tasks is emphasized to encourage parents to reduce their sense of responsibility for solving adolescent behavioural problems. It has been assumed that, in turn, parents' distress may be reduced. The remaining four weeks tasks are based on the principle of the Behaviour Therapy, aims to reduce drug misuse by bringing out their responsible behaviours. [13]

Parent coping skills training

Parents' coping skills training program was designed based on coping with the perspective of tension and parents' response to substance abuse in adolescents can help improve parents' own psychological function and reduce young people drug abuse. This program was designed for the youth drug abusers (aged between 12–21 years)' parents. [14]

The parent coping skills training program is an eight - week group training program designed for educating parents on common problems arising from drug abuse among adolescents. [14] The Topic discuss in the sessions were: replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts, accurate information of drugs; communication points; use of positive and negative consequences; development of internal rules; issues related to young people’s treatment and post-treatment that can help parents. [14]

The standard problem - solving model is used to discuss Parent Situation Inventory, an inventory of typical problems faced by parents of youth substance abuser, in groups. In this model, problems are identified and alternative solutions are proposed and evaluated. Group facilitators will role play with parent volunteers and encourage parents to do the role-play of situations. [15]

Family- based interventions for treatment of young drug abusers

Family systems theory

This theory defines the personal functioning and one's main relationship environment, family are interrelated. Functional difficulties are conceptualized according to recurring patterns and the order of interactions between family members. [16] Generally, drug abuse among adolescents is considered to related to their family members, their communication and interaction. [17] The focus of this treatment on changing the pattern on parental interaction that allows, continues, or encourages problematic drug abuse behaviour. Thus, the young people’s behaviour is discerned family members in all their simultaneous interaction. [18]

Cognitive behaviour theory family-based interventions

Cognitive Behaviour Theory (CBT) has been comprised in the traditional Family – Based interventions to defined that youth problematic drug abuse based on the family members behaviour. From this perspective, drug abuse is seen as a conditional behaviour, whether substance abuse may be directly imitated and reinforced by other family members, or whether parents are tolerant of young people's initial attempts at drugs. For this perspective, the treatment of adolescents' substance misuse appears again in the family, especially in skills training to manage the behaviour in the family. Thereby, conditions and behaviours that are compatible with drug use decrease with the strengthening of conditions incompatible with drug abuse. The focus of treatment on emergency administration training to enhance minimise material, abuse, and various other skills training. [18]

Multi-dimensional family treatment interventions for youth drug abusers

Multi-dimensional family therapy (MDFT) was created for improving the ability of adolescents and their families in risk behaviours and multiple functional areas. It has been tested in different environments and different populations, and has proved to be effective. [19] Multi-dimensional family therapy is a comprehensive, developmental/ ecological, family based multi-component and phased intervention, [20] it addresses the internal aspects, including the adolescents who abuse drugs for coping with their stress, the parenting practices of parents, other substance -abusing family member in home, conflicts between young people and parents, the development and persistence of drug abuse and other related issues. This treatment directly affects both parents and adolescents’s functioning via social systems, such as school, occupation, peer networks, anti – social and substance abuse. [21]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations

Alcohol and other Drugs (AOD) treatment is an integral part of a multifaceted approach to reducing the impact of Drug use harms on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and their communities. [22]

Indigenous family treatment program

The uses of Indigenous Family coping model are supported by Centacare NT. This program aimed at reducing the drug – abusing harm and harm on family experiencing. Family -Based Interventions provide enormous potential for reducing the Drug use harm. [23]

The treatment was designed to reducing the drug use harm by

  • Recognising the needs of families in AOD treatment stress-related issues
  • Educating families dependent on Drug use
  • Recognising the mental health issues of both drug abusers and family members. [23]

Yeaca Dhargo Family Project

was supported by Kurbingui Youth Association in the Outer Northern Brisbane – Sillmere, Sandgate, Bracken Ridge, Aspley, Nundah and Banyo, QLD. [24] to deal with youth substance abuser in Indigenous Family.

This Family supporting program includes:

  • Education on types, signs and effects of drugs
  • Young people and drugs, the scope of drug abuse and the cycle of change
  • The changing role of parents

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholism</span> Problematic excessive alcohol consumption

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016. The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852, but alcoholism and alcoholic are sometimes considered stigmatizing and to discourage seeking treatment, so diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence are often used instead in a clinical context.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substance abuse</span> Harmful use of drugs

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical, and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harm reduction</span> Public health policies which lessen negative aspects of problematic activities

Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal. Harm reduction is used to decrease negative consequences of recreational drug use and sexual activity without requiring abstinence, recognizing that those unable or unwilling to stop can still make positive change to protect themselves and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-harm</span> Intentional injury to ones body

Self-harm is intentional conduct that is considered harmful to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues usually without a suicidal intention. Other terms such as cutting, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. Common forms of self-harm include damaging the skin with a sharp object or by scratching, hitting, or burning. The exact bounds of self-harm are imprecise, but generally exclude tissue damage that occurs as an unintended side-effect of eating disorders or substance abuse, as well as societally acceptable body modification such as tattoos and piercings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conduct disorder</span> Developmental disorder

Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft, lies, physical violence that may lead to destruction, and reckless breaking of rules, in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. These behaviors are often referred to as "antisocial behaviors", and is often seen as the precursor to antisocial personality disorder; however, the latter, by definition, cannot be diagnosed until the individual is 18 years old. Conduct disorder may result from parental rejection and neglect and can be treated with family therapy, as well as behavioral modifications and pharmacotherapy. Conduct disorder is estimated to affect 51.1 million people globally as of 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol abuse</span> Substance abuse of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of alcohol-related substance abuse, ranging from the consumption of more than 2 drinks per day on average for men, or more than 1 drink per day on average for women, to binge drinking or alcohol use disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dialectical behavior therapy</span> Psychotherapy for emotional dysregulation

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy that began with efforts to treat personality disorders and interpersonal conflicts. Evidence suggests that DBT can be useful in treating mood disorders and suicidal ideation as well as for changing behavioral patterns such as self-harm and substance use. DBT evolved into a process in which the therapist and client work with acceptance and change-oriented strategies and ultimately balance and synthesize them—comparable to the philosophical dialectical process of thesis and antithesis, followed by synthesis.

Drug education is the planned provision of information, guidelines, resources, and skills relevant to living in a world where psychoactive substances are widely available and commonly used for a variety of both medical and non-medical purposes, some of which may lead to harms such as overdose, injury, infectious disease, or addiction. The two primary approaches to drug education are harm-reduction education and abstinence-based education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Residential treatment center</span> Live-in healthcare facility

A residential treatment center (RTC), sometimes called a rehab, is a live-in health care facility providing therapy for substance use disorders, mental illness, or other behavioral problems. Residential treatment may be considered the "last-ditch" approach to treating abnormal psychology or psychopathology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substance abuse prevention</span> Measures to prevent the consumption of licit and illicit drugs

Substance abuse prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults – especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, coke, methamphetamine, steroids, club drugs, and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substance use disorder</span> Continual use of drugs (including alcohol) despite detrimental consequences

Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite the substantial harm and adverse consequences to one's own self and others, as a result of their use. In perspective, the effects of the wrong use of substances that are capable of causing harm to the user or others, have been extensively described in different studies using a variety of terms such as substance use problems, problematic drugs or alcohol use, and substance use disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that "Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD". Substance use disorders (SUD) are considered to be a serious mental illness that fluctuates with the age that symptoms first start appearing in an individual, the time during which it exists and the type of substance that is used. It is not uncommon for those who have SUD to also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional, physical, and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt; an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts; operating vehicles while intoxicated; and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include: alcohol (alcoholism); cannabis; opioids; stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine and amphetamines; benzodiazepines; barbiturates; and other substances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Addiction</span> Disorder resulting in compulsive behaviours

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use often alters brain function in ways that perpetuate craving, and weakens self-control. This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocial as well as neurobiological factors that are implicated in addiction's development. Classic signs of addiction include compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, preoccupation with substances or behavior, and continued use despite negative consequences. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification, coupled with delayed deleterious effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis use disorder</span> Continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment

Cannabis use disorder (CUD), also known as cannabis addiction or marijuana addiction, is a psychiatric disorder defined in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and ICD-10 as the continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment.

The adolescent community reinforcement approach (A-CRA) is a behavioral treatment for alcohol and other substance use disorders that helps youth, young adults, and families improve access to interpersonal and environmental reinforcers to reduce or stop substance use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcohol and Native Americans</span> Use of alcoholic beverages by Native Americans

Many Native Americans in the United States have been harmed by, or become addicted to, drinking alcohol. Among contemporary Native Americans and Alaska Natives, 11.7% of all deaths are related to alcohol. By comparison, about 5.9% of global deaths are attributable to alcohol consumption. Because of negative stereotypes and biases based on race and social class, generalizations and myths abound around the topic of Native American alcohol misuse.

Community reinforcement approach and family training is a behavior therapy approach in psychotherapy for treating addiction developed by Robert J. Myers in the late 1970s. Meyers worked with Nathan Azrin in the early 1970s whilst he was developing his own community reinforcement approach (CRA) which uses operant conditioning techniques to assist those with addictions live healthily. Meyers adapted CRA to create CRAFT, which he described as CRA that "works through family members." CRAFT combines CRA with family training to equip concerned significant others (CSOs) of addicts with supportive techniques to encourage their loved ones to commence and continue treatment and provides them with defences against addiction's damaging effects on themselves.

Guided self-change (GSC) treatment has been accepted by American Psychological Association Division 12, Society of Clinical Psychology, as an empirically supported treatment.

Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected or become unintended pregnant, or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things: the behavior itself, and the description of the partner's behavior.

Alcohol is the most frequently used drug by residents living in all isolated, remote and rural regions in Australia. Alcohol consumption is particularly misused by individuals in these areas due to numerous factors distinctive of rural Australia. These factors consist of the reduced access to education and health care professionals with alcohol treatment services, leading to higher rates of unemployment and economic disadvantage. These characteristics promote increased levels of disease, injury and death as a result of the high alcohol-related harms that are substantial in rural communities across Australia.

Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a model that encourages mental health and substance use screenings as a routine preventive service in healthcare.

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