Awlad Muhammad

1829 Lapie Map of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Barbary states - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection - Barbarie-lapie-1829

Awlad Muhammad (or Ouled Muhammed) was a tribe that ruled over the Fezzan region from 1550 to 1812. ^{[1] [2]} At their height, their domain extended from Sokna in the north to Murzuq in the south. ^[3] and the south, in Niger and Chad modern day territories ^[4]

The Muhammad al-Wad dynasty was a ruling family that governed the Fezzan region, located in present-day southwestern Libya, from the late 15th century until the early 19th century. Emerging amid the decline of previous tribal confederations, the dynasty established control over key oases and trade routes that connected sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1574 the Ottoman Tripolitania under Mahmut bey invaded and occupied Fezzan and the Oasis, ^[5] and possibly even reached Lake Chad. ^[6] and not year 1577, Most African historians used the year 1577 as the year, as it was then Idris Alooma sent his diplomatic delegation to the Ottomans. ^[7] Fezzan had been vassailized since 1574, ^[8] but only in the 1580s did the rulers of Fezzan give their allegiance to the sultan, but the Turks refrained from trying to exercise any influence there. ^[9] It was occupied fully from times to time like in 1679-1682, 1690, 1716, 1718 and 1811/1812. ^{[10] [1] [2]} However, there's an alternate view suggesting nominal control was only established around 1842. ^[11] The Ottoman Army usually maintained a garrison there.^{[ citation needed ]}

See also

• Banu Khattab
• Kanem–Bornu Empire
• Ottoman Tripolitania

References

1. Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: The servile estate. Psychology Press. ISBN   978-0-7146-3201-8.
2. الآن, تركيا (2021-02-24). "ذبحوا الأبناء الرضع لزعيم القبيلة: عن حرب العثمانيين وأولاد امحمد في ليبيا". تركيا الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-01-26.
3. Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1971). A history of the Maghrib. Internet Archive. Cambridge [Eng.] University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-07981-5.
4. Willis, John R.; Willis, John Ralph (1985). Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-135-78017-3.
5. Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN   978-3-89754-115-3.
6. Martin, B. G. (January 1969). "Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzān: Notes on the political history of a Trade Route". The Journal of African History. 10 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1017/s0021853700009257. ISSN   0021-8537.
7. Flynn, Sébastien (2016-01-01). "The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem – Bornu During the Reign of Sultan Murad III – A Master's Thesis". Bilkent Master's Thesis.
8. Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. ISBN   978-3-89754-115-3.
9. "Libya - HISTORY".
10. Trousset, P.; Despois, J.; Gauthier, Y.; Gauthier, Ch; E. B (1997-08-01). "Fezzân". Encyclopédie berbère (in French). 18 (18): 2777–2817. doi: 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2083 . ISSN   1015-7344.
11. "Libyan history".