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Parthia is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Medes during the 7th century BC, was incorporated into the subsequent Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, and formed part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire after the 4th-century BC conquests of Alexander the Great. The region later served as the political and cultural base of the Eastern Iranian Parni people and Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire. The Sasanian Empire, the last state of pre-Islamic Iran, also held the region and maintained the seven Parthian clans as part of their feudal aristocracy.
The second Persian invasion of Greece occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. After Darius's death, his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the second invasion, mustering an enormous army and navy. The Athenians and Spartans led the Greek resistance. About a tenth of the Greek city-states joined the 'Allied' effort; most remained neutral or submitted to Xerxes.
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire was the ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC, known also as the First Persian Empire. Based in Western Asia, it was the largest empire the world had ever seen at its time, spanning a total of 5.5 million square kilometres from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the east.
Hydarnes II, also known as Hydarnes the Younger was a Persian commander of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC. He was the son of Hydarnes, satrap of the Persian empire and one of the seven conspirators against Gaumata.
Artabanus was a son of Hystaspes, and therefore brother of Darius I as well as uncle of Xerxes I.
Artyphius was a general of the Achaemenid Army during the Second Persian invasion of Greece. He was the son of Artabanus, grandson of Hystaspes, and therefore nephew of Darius the Great and first degree cousin of Xerxes I.
The Achaemenid destruction of Athens was carried out by the Achaemenid Army of Xerxes I during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and occurred in two phases over a period of two years, in 480–479 BCE.
References
- 1 2 Dresden, Mark J. (1983). "Sogdian Language and Literature". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 0-521-24693-8.
- 1 2 Rawlinson, George (2018). The Essential Works of George Rawlinson: Egypt, The Kings of Israel and Judah, Phoenicia, Parthia, Chaldea, Assyria, Media, Babylon, Persia, Sasanian Empire & Herodotus' Histories. e-artnow. p. 1216. ISBN 9788027244232.
- ↑ Herodotus (2012). The Histories Complete. Start Publishing LLC. p. 1216. ISBN 9781625585783.
- ↑ Henry Rawlinson, Herodotus, J. G. Wilkinson (1860). The history of Herodots ; A new English version, edited with copious notes and appendices ... by George Rawlinson, assisted by Col. Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., and Sir J. G. Wilkinson Volume 4. Murray. p. 66.
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