Batnoam sarcophagus

Last updated
Batnoam inscription National Museum of Beirut - sarcophagus of Batnu'um mother of King Uziba'al.jpg
Batnoam inscription

The Batnoam inscription is a Phoenician inscription (KAI 11 and TSSI III 26) on a sarcophagus. It is dated to c. 450-425 BCE.

Contents

It was published in Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume I, 1926-1932, numbers 1142, plate XXVIII). [1]

Text of the inscription

The inscription reads: [2] [3]

B’RN ZN ’NK BTN‘MIn this coffin I, Batno‘am,
’M MLK ‘ZB‘L MLK GBL  mother of King Azbaal, King of Byblos,
BN PLṬB‘L KHN B‘LT    son of Pilletbaal, Priest of Baalat
ŠKBT      lie,
BSWT WMR’Š ‘LYwearing a garment and a head-piece on me,
WMḤSM ḤRṢ LPY  and a muzzle [4] of gold on my mouth
KM ’Š LMLKYT ’Š KN LPNY    like those of the queens who were before me.

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byblos</span> City in Keserwan-Jbeil, Lebanon

Byblos, also known as Jbeil or Jubayl, is a city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon. It is believed to have been first occupied between 8800 and 7000 BC and continuously inhabited since 5000 BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. During its history, Byblos was part of numerous civilisations, including Egyptian, Phoenician, Assyrian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Fatimid, Genoese, Mamluk and Ottoman. The city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Ghirshman</span> French archaeologist (1895–1979)

Roman Ghirshman was a Ukrainian-born French archeologist who specialized in ancient Persia. Ghirshman spent nearly thirty years excavating ancient Persian archeological sites throughout Iran and Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byblos syllabary</span>

The Byblos script, also known as the Byblos syllabary, Pseudo-hieroglyphic script, Proto-Byblian, Proto-Byblic, or Byblic, is an undeciphered writing system, known from ten inscriptions found in Byblos, a coastal city in Lebanon. The inscriptions are engraved on bronze plates and spatulas, and carved in stone. They were excavated by Maurice Dunand, from 1928 to 1932, and published in 1945 in his monograph Byblia Grammata. The inscriptions are conventionally dated to the second millennium BC, probably between the 18th and 15th centuries BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">René Dussaud</span> French archaeologist (1868–1958)

René Dussaud was a French Orientalist, archaeologist, and epigrapher. Among his major works are studies on the religion of the Hittites, the Hurrians, the Phoenicians and the Syriacs. He became curator of the Department of Near Eastern Antiquities at the Louvre Museum and a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. One notable student was pioneering Jewish archaeologist Judith Marquet-Krause.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Dunand</span> French archaeologist (1898–1987)

Maurice Dunand was a prominent French archaeologist specializing in the ancient Near East, who served as director of the Mission Archéologique Française in Lebanon. Dunand excavated Byblos from 1924 to 1975, and published a Byblos syllabary in his monograph Byblia Grammata in 1945. The Neolithic of Lebanon was divided by Dunand into three stages based on the stratified levels of Byblos. From 1963 onwards, Dunand also thoroughly excavated the site of the Temple of Eshmun near Sidon.

Stéphane Gsell was a French historian and archaeologist. He was a specialist in ancient Africa and Roman Algeria. His main work is L'Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord (1913-1929).

Joseph-Antoine Castagné was a French professor at the gymnase d'Orenbourg in Orenburg, Russia, an ethnographer and an expert on Central Asia. He wrote extensively about Russian Turkestan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byblian royal inscriptions</span> Five inscriptions from Byblos written in an early type of Phoenician script

The Byblian royal inscriptions are five inscriptions from Byblos written in an early type of Phoenician script, all of which were discovered in the early 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes</span>

Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes was a French Arabist, a specialist in Islam and the history of religions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple of the Obelisks</span> Temple in Byblos

The Temple of the Obelisks, also known as the L-shaped Temple and Temple of Resheph was an important Bronze Age temple structure in the World Heritage Site of Byblos. It is considered "perhaps the most spectacular" of the ancient structures of Byblos. It is the best preserved building in the Byblos archaeological site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple of Baalat Gebal</span> Temple in Byblos

The Temple of Baalat Gebal was an important Bronze Age temple structure in the World Heritage Site of Byblos. The temple was dedicated to Ba'alat Gebal, the goddess of the city of Byblos, known later to the Greeks as Atargatis. Built in 2800 BCE, it was the largest and most important sanctuary in ancient Byblos, and is considered to be "one of the first monumental structures of the Syro-Palestinian region". Two centuries after the construction of the Temple of Baalat Gebal, the Temple of the Obelisks was built approximately 100m to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Umm al-Amad, Lebanon</span> Greek ruins in Umm al-Amad, Lebanon

Umm Al Amad, or Umm el 'Amed or al Auamid or el-Awamid, is an Hellenistic period archaeological site near the town of Naqoura in Lebanon. It was discovered by Europeans in the 1770s, and was excavated in 1861. It is one of the most excavated archaeological sites in the Phoenician heartland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tower of Vesunna</span> Gallo-Roman temple vestige

The Tower of Vesunna is the vestige of a Gallo-Roman fanum (temple) dedicated to Vesunna, a tutelary goddess of the Petrocorii. The sanctuary was built in the 1st or 2nd century. Vesunna was the Gallo-Roman name for Périgueux, in the Dordogne department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yehawmilk Stele</span> 5th-century BC Phoenician inscription

The Yehawmilk stele, de Clercq stele, or Byblos stele, also known as KAI 10 and CIS I 1, is a Phoenician inscription from c.450 BC found in Byblos at the end of Ernest Renan's Mission de Phénicie. Yehawmilk, king of Byblos, dedicated the stele to the city’s protective goddess Ba'alat Gebal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal necropolis of Byblos</span> Phoenician necropolis in Lebanon

The royal necropolis of Byblos is a group of nine Bronze Age underground shaft and chamber tombs housing the sarcophagi of several kings of the city. Byblos is a coastal city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously populated cities in the world. The city established major trade links with Egypt during the Bronze Age, resulting in a heavy Egyptian influence on local culture and funerary practices. The location of ancient Byblos was lost to history, but was rediscovered in the late 19th century by the French biblical scholar and Orientalist Ernest Renan. The remains of the ancient city sat on top of a hill in the immediate vicinity of the modern city of Jbeil. Exploratory trenches and minor digs were undertaken by the French mandate authorities, during which reliefs inscribed with Egyptian hieroglyphs were excavated. The discovery stirred the interest of western scholars, leading to systematic surveys of the site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yehimilk inscription</span> 10th-century BC Phoenician inscription

The Yehimilk inscription is a Phoenician inscription published in 1930. Currently in the museum of Byblos Castle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abda sherd</span> Sherd with Phoenician inscription

The Abda sherd graffito is a Phoenician inscription on a two small connecting fragment of a large vase, dating to c. 900 BC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Son of Safatba'al inscription</span> 5h-century BC Phoenician inscription

The Son of Safatba'al inscription is a Phoenician inscription dated to c. 500-475 BCE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byblos bronze spatulas</span> Ancient bronze artifacts found in Byblos

The Byblos bronze spatulas are a number bronze spatulas found in Byblos, two of which were inscribed. One contains a Phoenician inscription and one contains an inscription in the Byblos syllabary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Byblos clay cone inscriptions</span> Phoenician inscriptions

The Byblos clay cones inscriptions are Phoenician inscriptions on two clay cones discovered around 1950.

References

  1. Dunand, Maurice (1939). Fouilles de Byblos: Tome 1er, 1926-1932 [The Byblos excavations, Tome 1, 1926–1932]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
    (1937). Fouilles de Byblos, Tome 1er, 1926–1932 (Atlas) [The Byblos excavations, Tome 1, 1926–1932 (Atlas)]. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique (in French). Vol. 24. Paris: Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.
  2. Donner, Herbert; Rölig, Wolfgang (2002). Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften (5 ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. I, 2.
  3. Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2000). Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven: Peeters / Departement Oosterse Studies. ISBN   90-429-0770-3.
  4. maḥsom: a funerary object to seal the lips of the deceased.