Battle of Bobrek

Last updated
Battle of Bobrek
Part of First Silesian Uprising
I powstanie slaskie, kompania powstancow w Bobrku Jan Trzesiok.png
Silesian insurgents under the command of Jan Trzęsiok in Bobrek.
Date18 August 1919
Location
Result

German victory

  • Polish withdrawal
  • The Germans retain control over Bobrek
Belligerents
Logo of Zwiazek Peowiakow.JPG POW G.Śl. Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic
Commanders and leaders
  • Jan Trzęsiok
  • Franciszek Siwek
Units involved

Flag white blue.svg Bobrek Insurgent Company


Supported by:

Flag white blue.svg Schomberg Insurgent Company

Baltic coat of arms.svg Grenzschutz Ost

Badge of Freikorps Tullmann.png Freikorps Tüllmann:

  • 6th Company
Police
Industrial Guard
Strength
70 insurgents 270 soldiers;
12-15 HMGs and several armoured cars
Casualties and losses
7 killed 30 killed and several more wounded

The Battle of Bobrek was an engagement that occurred in the town of Bobrek during the First Silesian Uprising on 18 August 1919.

Contents

Insurgent forces under the command of Jan Trzęsiok captured the town of Bobrek, before declaring an establishment of a "Polish Republic". [1] Ultimately however, insurgent forces had to withdraw from the town following a German counterattack.

Prelude

On the night of 16 August, the First Silesian Uprising broke out in the Rybnik and Pleß districts. [2] In response, the executive committee of the POW G.Śl. situated in Beuthen took the decision to commence the uprising in the Industrial District the following day.

Polish preparation

The insurgent network in Bobrek, commanded by Jan Trzęsiok, was among the most active in the Beuthen district. In total, Trzęsiok's insurgent company possessed 12 rifles, 20 pistols and 70 grenades. [1]
The unit was directly subordinate to Adam Całka, the commander of the POW G.Śl. in Beuthen district, who, however, left Beuthen for Cracow on the 15th of August and Jan Lortz, the commander of insurgents in Roßberg, took command. Ultimately however, this was irrelevant as insurgents in the Industrial District struggled to establish effective communication lines.

Two weeks before the outbreak of the Uprising a German sailor by the name of Józef Termin arrived in Bobrek on vacation, with whom Jan Trzęsiok quickly made contact. Termin, being a Pole, decided to stay in Bobrek after Trzęsiok revealed the existence of the Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia and plans of an armed uprising to him, despite a promotion awaiting him in the German Navy. A crucial issue for insurgent forces was a major lack of military experience, [3] therefore Termin's service proved useful.

German preparation

The premature outbreak of the uprising in the Rybnik and Pleß districts had catastrophic results for insurgents in the Industrial District: with the Polish insurgents having lost the element of surprise and raising the awareness of the Grenzschutz. [4]

Opposing insurgent forces in Bobrek were two German companies: [1] 270 men in total. The soldiers were stationed in 3 buildings between the Julia Steel Mill and the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine. [4] Apart from small arms, the soldiers in Bobrek possessed 12-15 machine guns and a large ammunition depot.

Battle

The uprising in Bobrek broke out on schedule with the predetermined time set forth by the executive committee of the POW G.Śl. in Beuthen - at around 2:00 a.m.

Early military action

Julia Steel Mill in Bobrek Bobrek Huta Julia.jpg
Julia Steel Mill in Bobrek

Trzęsiok began military action by capturing railway bridges in the direction of Karf, Schomberg and Rudahammer and fortifying them with groups of insurgents: issuing 2 rifles, 5 pistols, 15 grenades and ammunition to each of these groups. Thereafter, Trzęsiok, personally commanding 11 men, disarmed local police and gendarmerie before capturing the town hall where insurgents seized the officials' weapons. Subsequently, Trzęsiok seized the administrative building of the Julia Steel Mill and the steel mill where Trzęsiok and his men disarmed the industrial guard on the grounds of the plant. [5]

A young 16-year-old insurgent, Barczak, reported to Trzęsiok next about a Grenzschutz weapon stash situated in the town prison. Trzęsiok immediately ordered an attack on the prison, which was seized after heavy fighting; 120 rifles and 10 crates of ammunition fell into insurgent hands, part of which was sent to insurgents fighting in the nearby town of Schomberg. [4]

An insurgent attack on the town barracks was conducted from two directions: the Julia Steel Mill and the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine, meanwhile Trzęsiok with 3 men took up position on top of a oil mill from where they supported advancing insurgents, pinning German machine gun positions. As the group of insurgents advancing from the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine made its way to the barracks, its commander sent a young insurgent, Ryszard Imiołczyk, to throw in a grenade into the basement of the barracks. However, Imiołczyk was captured by German soldiers before being put up as a human shield facing the direction of the steel mill where he ultimately died. [4]

In the meantime, insurgents in Schomberg attempted to send reinforcements to Trzęsiok but were stopped by German soldiers on the road to Bobrek.

Church of the Holy Family in Bobrek. Bytom - Bobrek - Kosciol Swietej Rodziny 01.jpg
Church of the Holy Family in Bobrek.

German counterattack

Amidst the insurgents' attack on the barracks, Trzęsiok received reports that an enemy column of armoured cars was approaching from the direction of Rudahammer - although some sources claim the Germans sent in a tank. [6]
As the German column approached the railway bridge, insurgents commanded by Józef Termin greeted it with rifle fire before the German soldiers dismounted and advanced forward attacking the enemy position.

Simultaneously, German reinforcements moved in from the direction of the Borsigwerk neighbourhood in present-day Zabrze. Ultimately, Termin and his bridge garrison had to withdraw to Bobrek after heavy fighting, where they took up position on top of the church tower in the town. After half an hour of fighting German reinforcements started arriving from Miechowitz and Karf in the north; Trzęsiok decided to withdraw from Bobrek to prevent his insurgent company's destruction, since promised insurgent reinforcements from Karf and Schomberg never arrived.

Aftermath

The majority of Trzęsiok's company found shelter in refugee camps in Poland, however, Jan Trzęsiok, with 12 of his men, made his way to Schoppinitz where he continued fighting until the end of the uprising. [4]

In the aftermath of the uprising, German servicemen and militia conducted retaliatory action, executing 12 insurgents in Bobrek. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bytom</span> City in Silesian, Poland

Bytom is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zambrów</span> Place in Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland

Zambrów is a town in northeastern Poland with 21,166 inhabitants (2020). It is the capital of Zambrów County. Situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, previously in Łomża Voivodeship (1975–1998).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silesian Uprisings</span> Separatist uprisings in 1919–1921

The Silesian Uprisings were a series of three uprisings from August 1919 to July 1921 in Upper Silesia, which was part of the Weimar Republic at the time. Ethnic Polish and Polish-Silesian insurrectionists, seeking to have the area transferred to the newly founded Polish Republic, fought German police and paramilitary forces which sought to keep the area part of the new German state founded after World War I. Following the conflict, the area was divided between the two countries. The rebellions have subsequently been commemorated in modern Poland as an example of Polish nationalism. Despite central government involvement in the conflict, Polish historiography renders the events as uprisings reflecting the will of ordinary Upper Silesians rather than a war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Tempest</span> 1944–1945 anti-Nazi uprising in Poland

Operation Tempest was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Army, the dominant force in the Polish resistance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</span> Jewish insurgency against Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland during World War II

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the gas chambers of the Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of the Warsaw Uprising</span>

The Warsaw Uprising began with simultaneous coordinated attacks at 17:00 hours on August 1, 1944 (W-hour). The uprising was intended to last a few days until Soviet forces arrived; however, this never happened, and the Polish forces had to fight almost without any outside assistance. Initially the battle raged throughout most of Warsaw, but after a short time it became confined to districts in the West of the town. The key factor in the battle was the massive imbalance of weapons between the two sides. The German side was extremely well equipped whilst the Polish side had, initially, barely enough ammunition for a few days. The policy of one bullet, one German allowed the Polish fighters to sustain the uprising for many weeks at the cost of their own lives. Some areas fought for a full 63 days before an agreed capitulation took place. The losses on the Polish side amounted to 18,000 soldiers killed, 25,000 wounded and over 250,000 civilians killed; those on the German side amounted to over 17,000 soldiers killed and 9,000 wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dęblin</span> Place in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland

Dęblin is a town at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. Dęblin is the part of the agglomeration with adjacent towns of Ryki and Puławy, which altogether has over 100 000 inhabitants. The population of the town itself is 15,505. Dęblin is part of the historic region of Lesser Poland. Since 1927 it has been the home of the chief Polish Air Force Academy, and as such Dęblin is one of the most important places associated with aviation in Poland. The town is also a key railroad junction, located along the major Berlin – Warsaw line, with two additional connections stemming from Dęblin – one westwards to Radom, and another one northeast to Łuków.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odolanów</span> Place in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland

Odolanów is a town in the Greater Poland Voivodeship of Poland, about 10 kilometres south-west from Ostrów Wielkopolski, with over 5000 inhabitants.

Józef Żmij (1897–1972) was a Polish soldier and politician in the period before the World War II. In the World War I served in prussian Army. During the Silesian Uprisings he took part in the fights around the village of Wisła Wielka in the rank of 2nd Lieutenant. After the war, in 1930s, he became the mayor of the town of Pszczyna, where he married Filomena née Kopeć. In 1938 he was appointed by Pszczyna town court as a trustee to countess Beatrice von Hochberg, an underage daughter of Prince Hans Heinrich XV of Pless. Arrested by the Germans after the Polish Defensive War, he was imprisoned in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stalag VIII-B</span> WWII German prisoner-of-war camp in Silesia

Stalag VIII-B was a German Army prisoner-of-war camp during World War II, later renumbered Stalag-344, located near the village of Lamsdorf in Silesia. The camp initially occupied barracks built to house British and French prisoners in World War I. At this same location there had been a prisoner camp during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szubin</span> Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland

Szubin is a town in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located southwest of Bydgoszcz. It has a population of around 9,333. It is located on the Gąsawka River in the ethnocultural region of Pałuki.

The Sub-district III of Wola – a territorial organisational unit of the District of Warsaw of Armia Krajowa, acting during the German occupation of Poland. Military units of the district took part in the Warsaw Uprising. During the house-to-house fighting, Nazi troops from the S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. and the SS-Dirlewanger Brigade committed the Wola Massacre killing between 40,000 and 50,000 Polish civilians.

The Sub-district VI of Praga - a territorial organisational unit of the District of Warsaw of Armia Krajowa. It covered the area of Praga of Warsaw, fought in conspiracy during the German occupation of Poland and openly during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czortków uprising</span>

The Czortków uprising was a failed attempt at resisting Soviet state repressions by the young anti-Soviet Poles most of whom were prewar students from the local high school. The uprising took place in the Soviet-occupied Polish town of Czortków during World War II. The insurgents attempted to storm the local Red Army barracks and a prison in order to release Polish soldiers incarcerated there. The attack occurred on the night of January 21–22, 1940. It was the first Polish civilian uprising against the Nazi-Soviet occupation of Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platoon 535</span>

Platoon 535, or the "Slovak Platoon" was a unit under the command of the Polish Home Army (AK) which fought in the Warsaw Uprising as part of the 1st Company of Battalion "Tur", Group "Kryska", during World War II. It was commanded by lieutenant Mirosław Iringh ("Stanko").

The Second Battle of Opatów, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on 21 February 1864 near the town of Opatów, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland. A party of some 1,000 Polish insurgents, commanded by Ludwik Zwierzdowski and Apolinary Kurowski, tried to capture the town, which was defended by an 800-strong garrison of the Imperial Russian Army. The battle ended in Russian victory; Russian losses were estimated at app. 50 killed, while Poles lost 50 killed and 62 wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghetto Action</span>

Action Ghetto was the code name for the armed actions of the Polish Underground State during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising aimed at helping the insurgents. The name was given to a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beuthen District</span> Landkreis in Silesia, * Prussia * German Empire * German Reich * Interallied Commission

Beuthen District, or Beuthen Rural District was an Upper Silesian rural district with its seat in Beuthen, which itself was a separate district - an urban district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Godow</span>

the Battle of Godow was a battle during the First Silesian Uprising that occurred on 18 August 1919 in the town of Godow, and resulted in a Polish victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Paprotzan</span>

The Battle of Paprotzan was a battle during the First Silesian Uprising that occurred on 17 August 1919 in the village of Paprotzan on the outskirts of Tichau, and resulted in a Polish victory.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fic, Maciej; Kaczmarek, Ryszard (2019). Słownik Powstań Śląskich 1919. Tom 1 (1st ed.). Katowice: Biblioteka Śląska w Katowicach. ISBN   978-83-64210-74-7.
  2. "Kalendarium I Powstania Śląskiego". Powstańcy Śląscy. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  3. "Śląsk. Czarna perła znów w koronie". Polska Zbrojna (in Polish) (2/2021). Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 2021. ISSN   2543-8735.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Grzegorzek, Józef (1935). Pierwsze powstanie śląskie 1919 r. w zarysie (in Polish). Katowice: Zakłady Graficzne B. Szczuki.
  5. "Bytom-Bobrek". mapapowstanslaskich.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  6. Wacław, Długoborski (1979). Bytom Zarys rozwoju miasta. Warsaw, Kraków: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN   83-01-00369-3.
  7. Kania, Leszek (2021). Góra Św. Anny-Kędzierzyn 1921. Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN   978-83-64210-74-7.