Battle of Bobrek

Last updated
Battle of Bobrek
Part of First Silesian Uprising
I powstanie slaskie, kompania powstancow w Bobrku Jan Trzesiok.png
Silesian insurgents under the command of Jan Trzęsiok in Bobrek.
Date18 August 1919
Location
Result

German victory

  • Polish withdrawal
  • The Germans retain control over Bobrek
Belligerents
Logo of Zwiazek Peowiakow.JPG POW G.Śl. Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg Weimar Republic
Commanders and leaders
  • Jan Trzęsiok
  • Franciszek Siwek
Units involved

Flag white blue.svg Bobrek Insurgent Company


Supported by:

Flag white blue.svg Schomberg Insurgent Company

Baltic coat of arms.svg Grenzschutz Ost

Badge of Freikorps Tullmann.png Freikorps Tüllmann:

  • 6th Company
Police
Industrial Guard
Strength
70 insurgents 270 soldiers;
12-15 HMGs and several armoured cars
Casualties and losses
7 killed 30 killed and several more wounded

The Battle of Bobrek was an engagement that occurred in the town of Bobrek during the First Silesian Uprising on 18 August 1919.

Contents

Insurgent forces under the command of Jan Trzęsiok captured the town of Bobrek, before declaring an establishment of a "Polish Republic". [1] Ultimately however, insurgent forces had to withdraw from the town following a German counterattack.

Prelude

On the night of 16 August, the First Silesian Uprising broke out in the Rybnik and Pleß districts. [2] In response, the executive committee of the POW G.Śl. situated in Beuthen took the decision to commence the uprising in the Industrial District the following day.

Polish preparation

The insurgent network in Bobrek, commanded by Jan Trzęsiok, was among the most active in the Beuthen district. In total, Trzęsiok's insurgent company possessed 12 rifles, 20 pistols and 70 grenades. [1]
The unit was directly subordinate to Adam Całka, the commander of the POW G.Śl. in Beuthen district, who, however, left Beuthen for Cracow on the 15th of August and Jan Lortz, the commander of insurgents in Roßberg, took command. Ultimately however, this was irrelevant as insurgents in the Industrial District struggled to establish effective communication lines.

Two weeks before the outbreak of the Uprising a German sailor by the name of Józef Termin arrived in Bobrek on vacation, with whom Jan Trzęsiok quickly made contact. Termin, being a Pole, decided to stay in Bobrek after Trzęsiok revealed the existence of the Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia and plans of an armed uprising to him, despite a promotion awaiting him in the German Navy. A crucial issue for insurgent forces was a major lack of military experience, [3] therefore Termin's service proved useful.

German preparation

The premature outbreak of the uprising in the Rybnik and Pleß districts had catastrophic results for insurgents in the Industrial District: with the Polish insurgents having lost the element of surprise and raising the awareness of the Grenzschutz. [4]

Opposing insurgent forces in Bobrek were two German companies: [1] 270 men in total. The soldiers were stationed in 3 buildings between the Julia Steel Mill and the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine. [4] Apart from small arms, the soldiers in Bobrek possessed 12-15 machine guns and a large ammunition depot.

Battle

The uprising in Bobrek broke out on schedule with the predetermined time set forth by the executive committee of the POW G.Śl. in Beuthen - at around 2:00 a.m.

Early military action

Julia Steel Mill in Bobrek Bobrek Huta Julia.jpg
Julia Steel Mill in Bobrek

Trzęsiok began military action by capturing railway bridges in the direction of Karf, Schomberg and Rudahammer and fortifying them with groups of insurgents: issuing 2 rifles, 5 pistols, 15 grenades and ammunition to each of these groups. Thereafter, Trzęsiok, personally commanding 11 men, disarmed local police and gendarmerie before capturing the town hall where insurgents seized the officials' weapons. Subsequently, Trzęsiok seized the administrative building of the Julia Steel Mill and the steel mill where Trzęsiok and his men disarmed the industrial guard on the grounds of the plant. [5]

A young 16-year-old insurgent, Barczak, reported to Trzęsiok next about a Grenzschutz weapon stash situated in the town prison. Trzęsiok immediately ordered an attack on the prison, which was seized after heavy fighting; 120 rifles and 10 crates of ammunition fell into insurgent hands, part of which was sent to insurgents fighting in the nearby town of Schomberg. [4]

An insurgent attack on the town barracks was conducted from two directions: the Julia Steel Mill and the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine, meanwhile Trzęsiok with 3 men took up position on top of a oil mill from where they supported advancing insurgents, pinning German machine gun positions. As the group of insurgents advancing from the Gräfin Johanna Coal Mine made its way to the barracks, its commander sent a young insurgent, Ryszard Imiołczyk, to throw in a grenade into the basement of the barracks. However, Imiołczyk was captured by German soldiers before being put up as a human shield facing the direction of the steel mill where he ultimately died. [4]

In the meantime, insurgents in Schomberg attempted to send reinforcements to Trzęsiok but were stopped by German soldiers on the road to Bobrek.

Church of the Holy Family in Bobrek. Bytom - Bobrek - Kosciol Swietej Rodziny 01.jpg
Church of the Holy Family in Bobrek.

German counterattack

Amidst the insurgents' attack on the barracks, Trzęsiok received reports that an enemy column of armoured cars was approaching from the direction of Rudahammer - although some sources claim the Germans sent in a tank. [6]
As the German column approached the railway bridge, insurgents commanded by Józef Termin greeted it with rifle fire before the German soldiers dismounted and advanced forward attacking the enemy position.

Simultaneously, German reinforcements moved in from the direction of the Borsigwerk neighbourhood in present-day Zabrze. Ultimately, Termin and his bridge garrison had to withdraw to Bobrek after heavy fighting, where they took up position on top of the church tower in the town. After half an hour of fighting German reinforcements started arriving from Miechowitz and Karf in the north; Trzęsiok decided to withdraw from Bobrek to prevent his insurgent company's destruction, since promised insurgent reinforcements from Karf and Schomberg never arrived.

Aftermath

The majority of Trzęsiok's company found shelter in refugee camps in Poland, however, Jan Trzęsiok, with 12 of his men, made his way to Schoppinitz where he continued fighting until the end of the uprising. [4]

In the aftermath of the uprising, German servicemen and militia conducted retaliatory action, executing 12 insurgents in Bobrek. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bytom</span> City in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland

Bytom is a city in Upper Silesia, in southern Poland. Located in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland, the city is 7 km northwest of Katowice, the regional capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pszczyna</span> Place in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland

Pszczyna is a town in southern Poland, population 25,823 (2019), and is the seat of a local gmina (commune) and district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zambrów</span> Place in Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland

Zambrów is a town in northeastern Poland with 21,166 inhabitants (2020). It is the capital of Zambrów County. Situated in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, previously in Łomża Voivodeship (1975–1998).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silesian Uprisings</span> Separatist uprisings in 1919–1921

The Silesian Uprisings were a series of three uprisings from August 1919 to July 1921 in Upper Silesia, which was part of the Weimar Republic at the time. Ethnic Polish and Polish-Silesian insurrectionists, seeking to have the area transferred to the newly founded Polish Republic, fought German police and paramilitary forces which sought to keep the area part of the new German state founded after World War I. Following the conflict, the area was divided between the two countries. The rebellions have subsequently been commemorated in modern Poland as an example of Polish nationalism. Despite central government involvement in the conflict, Polish historiography renders the events as uprisings reflecting the will of ordinary Upper Silesians rather than a war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</span> Voting regarding the German–Polish border

The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with both Germans and Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. Under the previous rule by the German Empire, Poles claimed they had faced discrimination, making them effectively second class citizens. The period of the plebiscite campaign and inter-Allied occupation was marked by violence. There were three Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Tempest</span> 1944–1945 anti-Nazi uprising in Poland

Operation Tempest was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II against occupying German forces by the Polish Home Army, the dominant force in the Polish resistance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Poland uprising (1806)</span> 1806 Uprising during the War of the Fourth Coalition

Greater Poland uprising of 1806 was a Polish military insurrection which occurred in the region of Wielkopolska, also known as Greater Poland, against the occupying Prussian forces after the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772–1795).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dęblin</span> Place in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland

Dęblin is a town at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. Dęblin is the part of the agglomeration with adjacent towns of Ryki and Puławy, which altogether has over 100 000 inhabitants. The population of the town itself is 15,505. Dęblin is part of the historic region of Lesser Poland. Since 1927 it has been the home of the chief Polish Air Force Academy, and as such Dęblin is one of the most important places associated with aviation in Poland. The town is also a key railroad junction, located along the major Berlin – Warsaw line, with two additional connections stemming from Dęblin – one westwards to Radom, and another one northeast to Łuków.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odolanów</span> Place in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland

Odolanów is a town in the Greater Poland Voivodeship of Poland, about 10 kilometres south-west from Ostrów Wielkopolski, with over 5000 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stalag VIII-B</span> WWII German prisoner-of-war camp in Silesia

Stalag VIII-B was most recently a German Army administered POW camp during World War II, later renumbered Stalag-344, located near the village of Lamsdorf in Silesia. The camp contained barracks built to house British and French World War I POWs. The site had housed POWs of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Szubin</span> Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland

Szubin is a town in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located southwest of Bydgoszcz. It has a population of around 9,333. It is located on the Gąsawka River in the ethnocultural region of Pałuki.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wola Subdistrict (Home Army)</span>

The Wola Subdistrict was a command of the Home Army's Warsaw District which was active during World War II. Under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Jan Tarnowski, Home Army units from the subdistrict fought against German-led Axis forces in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. They fought in the Wola neighbourhood of Warsaw from 1 to 6 August 1944, when Axis units forced them to retreat to the Old Town, Śródmieście and the Kampinos Forest. During their engagements with Home Army fighters from the subdistrict, troops of the Kaminski Brigade and Dirlewanger Brigade committed the Wola massacre, killing up to 50,000 Polish civilians. A notable fighter from the subdistrict was Jan Kryst.

The Sub-district VI of Praga - a territorial organisational unit of the District of Warsaw of Armia Krajowa. It covered the area of Praga of Warsaw, fought in conspiracy during the German occupation of Poland and openly during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czortków uprising</span>

The Czortków uprising was a failed attempt at resisting Soviet state repressions by the young anti-Soviet Poles most of whom were prewar students from the local high school. The uprising took place in the Soviet-occupied Polish town of Czortków during World War II. The insurgents attempted to storm the local Red Army barracks and a prison in order to release Polish soldiers incarcerated there. The attack occurred on the night of January 21–22, 1940. It was the first Polish civilian uprising against the Nazi-Soviet occupation of Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Platoon 535</span>

Platoon 535, or the "Slovak Platoon" was a unit under the command of the Polish Home Army (AK) which fought in the Warsaw Uprising as part of the 1st Company of Battalion "Tur", Group "Kryska", during World War II. It was commanded by lieutenant Mirosław Iringh ("Stanko").

The Second Battle of Opatów, one of many clashes of the January Uprising, took place on 21 February 1864 near the town of Opatów, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland. A party of some 1,000 Polish insurgents, commanded by Ludwik Zwierzdowski and Apolinary Kurowski, tried to capture the town, which was defended by an 800-strong garrison of the Imperial Russian Army. The battle ended in Russian victory; Russian losses were estimated at app. 50 killed, while Poles lost 50 killed and 62 wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beuthen District</span> Landkreis in Silesia, * Prussia * German Empire * German Reich * Interallied Commission

Beuthen District, or Beuthen Rural District was an Upper Silesian rural district with its seat in Beuthen, which itself was a separate district - an urban district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Godow</span>

the Battle of Godow was a battle during the First Silesian Uprising that occurred on 18 August 1919 in the town of Godow, and resulted in a Polish victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Paprotzan</span>

The Battle of Paprotzan was a battle during the First Silesian Uprising that occurred on 17 August 1919 in the village of Paprotzan on the outskirts of Tichau, and resulted in a Polish victory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insurgent attacks on the Bielany airfield</span> Unsuccessful attempt to capture the Bielany airfield in Warsaw

The insurgent attacks on the Bielany airfield were an unsuccessful attempt by the Home Army soldiers to capture the Bielany airfield in Warsaw during the early days of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fic, Maciej; Kaczmarek, Ryszard (2019). Słownik Powstań Śląskich 1919. Tom 1 (1st ed.). Katowice: Biblioteka Śląska w Katowicach. ISBN   978-83-64210-74-7.
  2. "Kalendarium I Powstania Śląskiego". Powstańcy Śląscy. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  3. "Śląsk. Czarna perła znów w koronie". Polska Zbrojna (in Polish) (2/2021). Wojskowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 2021. ISSN   2543-8735.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Grzegorzek, Józef (1935). Pierwsze powstanie śląskie 1919 r. w zarysie (in Polish). Katowice: Zakłady Graficzne B. Szczuki.
  5. "Bytom-Bobrek". mapapowstanslaskich.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  6. Wacław, Długoborski (1979). Bytom Zarys rozwoju miasta. Warsaw, Kraków: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN   83-01-00369-3.
  7. Kania, Leszek (2021). Góra Św. Anny-Kędzierzyn 1921. Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN   978-83-64210-74-7.