Charles X Gustav, also Carl X Gustav, was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. He was the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catherine of Sweden. After his father's death he also succeeded him as Pfalzgraf. He was married to Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, who bore his son and successor, Charles XI. Charles X Gustav was the second Wittelsbach king of Sweden after the childless king Christopher of Bavaria (1441–1448) and he was the first king of the Swedish Caroline era, which had its peak during the end of the reign of his son, Charles XI. He led Sweden during the Second Northern War, enlarging the Swedish Empire. By his predecessor Christina, he was considered de facto Duke of Eyland (Öland), before ascending to the Swedish throne. From 1655 to 1657, he was also Grand Duke of Lithuania.
The Deluge was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense, it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars. In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War (1655–1660) only; in Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge, or less commonly the Russo–Swedish Deluge due to the simultaneous Russo-Polish War. The term "deluge" was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his novel The Deluge (1886).
The Northern War of 1655–1660, also known as the Second Northern War, First Northern War or Little Northern War, was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway. The Dutch Republic waged an informal trade war against Sweden and seized the colony of New Sweden in 1655, but was not a recognized part of the Polish–Danish alliance.
The March Across the Belts was a military campaign waged by the Swedish Empire across the ice between the Danish islands. It lasted between 30 January and 15 February 1658, ending with a decisive victory for Swedish King Charles X Gustav during his first Danish war.
The Assault on Copenhagen also known as the Battle of Copenhagen on 11 February 1659 was a major engagement during the Second Northern War, taking place during the Swedish siege of Copenhagen.
The Dano-Swedish War of 1658–1660 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland. It is known in Denmark as the Second Karl Gustav War, in Norway as Bjelkes Feud in Sweden as Karl Gustav's Second Danish War, and in the Netherlands as the Swedish-Dutch War.
The Battle of Nyborg took place between Sweden and the combined forces of Denmark, Dutch naval forces under Michiel de Ruyter, troops of Brandenburg-Prussia, and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under Stefan Czarniecki. The battle was engaged on 14 November 1659 at Nyborg on the Danish island of Funen. Nyborg was the final major battle of the Dano-Swedish War of 1658 to 1660.
Battle of Skalat in 1657 was part of The Deluge.
The Invasion of Courland (1658) was a Swedish campaign against the Duchy of Courland in 1658. It was led by Robert Douglas and resulted in the Swedes occupying Courland, capturing Mitau and the Duke of Courland. The initial invasion only lasted a few months, however the Swedes remained in Courland for 2 years.
The siege of Fredriksodde, also known as the Storming of Fredriksodde, was a successful Swedish siege of the fortress and town of Fredriksodde in 1657 during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658. The siege and the subsequent capture of the fortress by Swedish forces completed the Swedish conquest of Jutland.
The Battle of Rautus kyrka was a failed Russian attempt to stop a Swedish relief force headed for Kexholm during the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658). The Swedes, led by Christoffer Burmeister successfully repelled the Russian attack and forced them back.
The Assault on Eda sconce was an incident on 11 February 1658, when a Norwegian force under Michael Opitz attacked the Swedish Sconce at Eda. The Norwegians were successful at first, but were later repelled by the Swedish artillery fire, forcing them to withdraw. The fighting lasted for 2 hours.
The Augdov expedition was a failed Swedish offensive directed at the city of Augdov (Gdov) in 1657 during the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658).
The Battle of Lälitz was an engagement fought between Swedish and Russian troops in the village of Lälitz in 17 July, 1657. It ended with the Russian troops being repulsed and their commander dying of his wounds sustained during the fighting.
The Battle of Lava occurred on 11 August, 1657, when a Swedish force, under the command of Gustav Evertsson Horn, attacked a Russian ostrog at Lava. Horn, who had not been notified that Carl Gustaf Wrangel would not be able to support him, was not able to dislodge the Russians.
The Battle of Kattarp was fought on 3 October (O.S.) or 13 October (N.S.) between Danish and Swedish forces in Kattarp, commanded by King Frederick III and Gustaf Otto Stenbock respectively during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658.
The Battle of Hjärtum was fought on 27 September (O.S.) or 7 October (N.S.) between Danish and Swedish forces during the Dano-Swedish War of 1657–1658.
The Battle of Genevadsbro also referred to as simply Battle of Genevad was fought between Danish forces besieging Laholm and a Swedish relief force 31 August, 1657. The battle ended with a Swedish victory.
The siege of Nakskov began on 6 February 1658, when a Swedish cavalry regiment under Överste Overbeck surrounded the city, and only one day later, the civilians in the town, not wanting to end up like Fredriksodde, which had been besieged and conquered by the Swedes, surrendered the city on February 7.
The sieges of Marienburg were two separate Russian sieges of Marienburg, the first in August, and the second in November and December, with the first being unsuccessful and the second being successful.
Swedish Empire 
Denmark–Norway 