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Sattar Khan, honorarily titled Sardār-e Melli was a pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and is considered a national hero by the Iranian people.
Mīrzā Kūchak Khān was an Iranian twentieth-century revolutionary leader and the president of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic. He was the founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of Gilan in northern Iran that became known as the Nehzat-e Jangal . This uprising started in 1914 and remained active against internal and foreign enemies until 1921 when the movement was completely abandoned after the demise of Mirza Kuchak Khan.
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Mohammad-Vali Khan, Khalatbari Tonekāboni, known as Sepahdar A'zam, was the leader of the constitutionalist revolutionary forces from Iran's Northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran and known as one of the greatest statesmen and military commanders of Persian history as well as its wealthiest nobleman.
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Sardar Rafie Yanehsari (1856-1930) was the Wali of velayat of Astarabad and Governor of Gorgan from the time of Naser el-Din Shah to Reza Shah and was a member of Yanehsari Dynasty. Sardar Rafi played a major role in the development of the areas under his rule, the first explorations in Gorgan, the first carvings in Tepe Hisar, the construction of the road between Gorgan and Tehran and the introduction of modern science to Gorgan, Only part of his activity was during his 39 years of rule. Sardar Rafi first came to power in February 1892, when he was succeeded by his father, Lotf Ali Khan Sartip, who ruled the Hezarjarib region and rose to the rank of brigadier general. In addition to his services to modernize the areas under his rule, he and his nephew, Amir Khan-e Sardar, played an important role in suppressing Turkmen insurgency.
The Triumph of Tehran refers to the entrance of the pro-constitutionalists in Tehran on 13 July 1909, which led Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar to seek refuge at the Russian legation in Tehran, before he was sent in exile.
Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari (1874–1937) was the daughter of Hossein Gholi Khan Bakhtiari, the sister of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari and an Iranian lur Bakhtiari revolutionary and activist of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. As a military commander, she played a distinguished role when Bakhtiari forces with help of modern arms from German Empire successfully captured Tehran in 1909 as part of the revolutionary campaign to force the central government to establish democratic reforms.
Siege of Tabriz refers to the events that took place during the Constitutional Revolution in Tabriz, during which forces affiliated with Mohammad Ali Shah, besieged Tabriz for 11 months to suppress the constitutionalists and preventing food and medicine from reaching the city. Eventually the siege ended with the intervention of Russian forces and the escape and dispersal of the constitutional leaders and mujahideen. This uprising is one of the most important and influential events in the Iranian constitutional movement.
The Atabak Park Incident was a conflict that led to the death of 300 rebels. It took place on July 20, 1910. Rebels descended upon Atabak Garden in Tehran to bid farewell to Sattar Khan and Baqir Khan who were planning to return to Tabriz. The government's goal was to control Azerbaijan and disarm the Mujahideen in Tabriz under the pretext of celebrating Sattar Khan and Baqir Khan. Atabak Garden was allocated to Sattar Khan and his companions and Eshrat Abad to Baqir Khan and his companions.
The Iranian Enlightenment, sometimes called the first generation of intellectual movements in Iran, brought new ideas into traditional Iranian society from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. During the rule of the Qajar dynasty, and especially after the defeat of Iran in its war with the Russian Empire, cultural exchanges led to the formation of new ideas among the educated class of Iran. This military defeat also encouraged the Qajar commanders to overcome Iran's backwardness. The establishment of Dar ul-Fonun, the first modern university in Iran and the arrival of foreign professors, caused the thoughts of European thinkers to enter Iran, followed by the first signs of enlightenment and intellectual movements in Iran.
The Siege of Astarabad took place in June 1908 when Mohammad Baqir Khan Salar Akram was commissioned by the authoritarian government of Mohammad Ali Shah to take Astarabad from the constitutionalists. Astarabad was located in a very important strategic region because on the one hand it had access to Russia and on the other hand it was a region with the necessary strength for emergencies. Salar Akram reached the gates of Astarabad in June 1908, a week after the bombing of the parliament with his army, but Sardar Rafi Yansari, Wali of the province of Astarabad, did not allow him to enter, which led to a three-month siege; But in the end, Salar Akram was killed in a clash and the constitutionalists won. After that, a group of authoritarians revolted against Sardar Rafi, and in the end, Sardar Rafi defeated all of them.
Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution was to support the authoritarian faction led by Mohammad Ali Shah to defeat the constitutionalists. Until April 20, 1909, when the Russian army under Major General I. Snarsky occupied Tabriz to protect the Russian consuls, the Russian Empire indirectly supported Mohammad Ali Shah and the authoritarian faction. Support from the Russian Empire included sending weapons, lending money to Colonel Liakhov, the commander of the Cossack Brigade, and a large-scale propaganda machine against the constitutionalist leaders.
Mujahideen of Saturday is a term used by Ahmad Kasravi and Mehdi Malekzadeh in their books of History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. originally, this term mention those politicians who weren't Constitutionalists in Persian Constitutional Revolution but when Mohammad Ali Shah deposed, Suddenly they changed their faction. two examples that kasravi and Malekzadeh used for this term was Qavam os-Saltaneh and Vossug ed Dowleh, two brother that in Constitutional Revolution were in Authoritarians faction but after triumph of Tehran, they became Constitutionalists and became prime minister in Ahmad Shah reign.
Anarchism in Iran has its roots in a number of dissident religious philosophies, as well as in the development of anti-authoritarian poetry throughout the rule of various imperial dynasties over the country. In the modern era, anarchism came to Iran during the late 19th century and rose to prominence in the wake of the Constitutional Revolution, with anarchists becoming leading members of the Jungle Movement that established the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in Gilan.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 علی حقشناس، مقاله/ جنبش جنگل، برآیند مشروطۀ ناکام.خبرگزاری اوج نیوز، آذر ۱۳۹۰.
- ↑ Browne, Edward (1910). The Persian revolution of 1905-1909. pp. 267.