| Battle of Sialkot | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Sukerchakia Misl |  Durrani Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Charat Singh | Jahan Khan | ||||||
The Battle of Sialkot took place on 12 November 1763, between the Durrani Empire, led by Jahan Khan, and the Sukerchakia Misl, led by Charat Singh, as part of the Afghan-Sikh wars which concluded with Sikh victory.
During the battle of Kasur, another battle was occurring at the same time between the Buddha Dal under the leadership of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sa’adat Khan, the governor of Jullundar Doab, where the Sikhs invaded the whole doab, defeating Diwan Bishambar Das of Lasara in the battle of Urmar Tanda, taking possession of many villages and causing terror-stricken Sa’adat Khan to confine himself within the fort. [3] [4] When Ahmad Shah Abdali was informed of such news and activities of the Sikhs, he appointed Jahan Khan to lead an expedition against the Sikhs, who reached Rachna Doab in November 1763 and headed straight for Sialkot. [5] [6]
Jahan Khan and his forces met the Sikhs in the city of Sialkot, northeast of Lahore where in the ensuing battle, Jahan Khan and his forces faced much ferocity by the Sikhs, shooting down his horse from under and causing him to fall to the ground. [5] [6] The Sikhs continued to attack, causing significant loss of Afghan soldiers, making both Jahan Khan and the remaining Afghan soldiers to flee the battle, leaving behind all their relatives, dependents including Jahan Khan's wife and camp equipments, into the possession of the Sikhs. [5] [6] [7] The battle ended in a Sikh victory. [8] [5] [6]
All the Afghan women left behind were set free by the Sikhs and sent safely to Jammu. [5] [6] After this success, the Buddha dal marched over to Malerkotla to avenge the participation of Bhikhan Khan in the Vadda Ghalughara, by besieging the fort and killing him in the battle of Malerkotla. [9] [6] The Sikhs then sacked the town of Morinda, killed Jani Khan and Mani Khan, who were the descendants of Ranghars, moving on with the capture of Sirhind and killing Zain Khan Sirhindi. [10] [11]
The Misls were the twelve sovereign states of the Sikh Confederacy, which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent and is cited as one of the causes of the weakening of the Mughal Empire prior to Nader Shah's invasion of India in 1738–1740.
Sultan-ul-Qaum Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy, being the Supreme Leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl. This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of Banda Bahadur in 1716 to the founding of the Sikh Empire in 1801. He founded the Kapurthala State in 1772.
Khushal Singh Virk was the second chief of Singhpuria Misl from 1753 to 1795, extending its territory on both sides of the Sutlej River. His 'acquired' lands included Jalandhar, Nurpur, Bahrampur, Patti and Bharatgarh. Jalandhar doab and adjoining areas yielded an annual income of three lakh rupees.
Sardar Charat Singh, also romanised as Charhat Singh, was the founder of Sukerchakia Misl and father of Mahan Singh, and the grandfather of Ranjit Singh. He distinguished himself at an early age in campaigns against Ahmad Shah Abdali and along with 150 horsemen split from the Singhpuria Misl to establish the Sukerchakia Misl.
The Afghan–Sikh wars spanned from 1748 to 1837 in the Indian subcontinent, and saw multiple phases of fighting between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire, mainly in and around Punjab region. The conflict's origins stemmed from the days of the Dal Khalsa, and continued after the Emirate of Kabul succeeded the Durrani Empire.
The Battle of Kup was fought on 5 February 1762, between the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Sikhs, under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Charat Singh. Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Afghan forces reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind. Different sources give various estimates on how many sikhs were present. According to Tom Landsford, nearly 30,000 Sikh men, women, children, and elderly laid encamped. According to Narendra Sinha, 40,000 Sikhs were present. According to Hari Ram Gupta, 50,000 Sikh soldiers laid encamped at Kup while 5,000 non combatants laid encamped at Pind Garma. Abdali's forces outnumbered the Sikhs in hand-to-hand combat and the Sikhs couldn't use their usual tactics of hit and run, but had to engage in battle while protecting the civilians at the same time. With surprise attack, the Sikhs threw a human ring around civilians as protection and fought the battle killing several thousand Afghans. Abdali was able to break the ring and carried out a full scale massacre of the Sikh civilians. Ahmad Shah's forces killed several thousand Sikhs, and the surviving Sikhs fled to Barnala. According to various different estimates, as many as 5,000 to 30,000 Sikh men, women, elderly and children were killed in what is known as the second Sikh genocide.
The Battle of Gujranwala was fought between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Confederacy in September 1761.
Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire, invaded Indian subcontinent for eight times between 1748 and 1767, following the collapse of Mughal Empire in the mid-18th century. His objectives were met through the raids and deepened the political crisis in India.
The Battle of Sirhind was fought between Durrani Empire and Sikh Misls on 14 January 1764.
The Battle of Harnaulgarh was fought between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Misls of Dal Khalsa in 1762.
The Battle of Amritsar, also known as the Battle of Gohalwar, was fought between the Durrani Empire and Shaheedan Misl of the Dal Khalsa on 11 November 1757. Following the fourth invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani, his army was attacked by Sikh bands under the command of Ala Singh and Baba Deep Singh. Following the attacks, Ahmad Shah desecrated the Sikh holy site known as the Shri Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. The news of the desecration reached Baba Deep Singh who vowed to liberate the holy site from the Afghans. This resulted in a pitched battle being fought in the village of Gohalwar, near Amritsar. The battle resulted in Baba Deep Singh being killed and an Afghan victory.
The Battle of Mahilpur was fought between the Sikh Misls and Adina Beg Khan against the Durrani Empire in December 1757.Following the 4th invasion of Ahmad Shah Durrani, he would appoint Timur Shah as the viceroy of Punjab with Jahan Khan as his deputy.The Afghans would appoint Adina Beg Khan as the faujdar of the Jalandhar Doaba and exempted him from attending court at lahore, on the condition that Adina Beg pay revenue to the Afghan government.Soon a dispute regarding the payment of revenue occurred between Adina Beg and the Afghans.This dispute soon escalated which resulted in Jahan Khan sending an Afghan force to arrest Adina Beg.Adina Beg formed a military alliance with the Sikhs under the command of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Vadbhag Singh Sodhi.Adina Beg also gained the support of Sadiq Beg Khan, Khwaja Mirza Khan, and Raja Bhup Singh.Adina Beg along with the Sikh forces fought the Afghans at Mahilpur.The battle resulted in a victory for Adina Beg and the Sikhs and resulted in the entire Jalandhar Doaba being occupied and sacked by the Sikh forces.
The Battle of Batala took place in December 1764 as part of the Afghan-Sikh Wars between the Durrani Empire and the Sikhs Misls. Ahmad Shah Durrani and his force marched towards Batala after their defeat at Jandiala and as soon as they reached Batala, the Sikhs opposed them and a battle took place where the Durranis were defeated and Afghan commander Sarbuland Khan was wounded.
The Battle of Amritsar took place on 17 January 1767 between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls during Ahmad Shah Abdali's eighth campaign into India. Durrani commander Jahan Khan marched to the neighborhood of Chak where he was met by the Sikhs who became aware of Khan's movements. A battle ensued, resulting in the defeat of Afghans with between 5,000 to 6,000 casualties.
TheBattle of Lahore took place in December 1764 near Lahore, between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls as part of the Afghan-Sikh wars which ended indecisively with both parties retiring due to nightfall.
The Battle of Gujrat took place in December 1765 between the supreme leader of the Chaj Doab territory, Sultan Muqarrab Khan, who owed allegiance to Ahmad Shah Abdali, and the Sikh Misls under Charat Singh and Gujar Singh. Muqarrab Khan was defeated in the battle, and the Sikhs captured the city. Gujar Singh made Gujrat his capital after repairing and rebuilding the fort with stronger walls.
The Battle on the Beas took place in March 1765, between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls as part of the Afghan-Sikh wars during Ahmad Shah Abdali's return home. The battle which took place on the seventh day of the ongoing harassment by the Sikhs, ended without any conclusion.
The Battle on the Sutlej took place in March 1765, between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls as part of the Afghan-Sikh wars during Ahmad Shah Abdali's return home. The pitched battle ended indecisively.
The battle of Rohtas took place in summer of 1764 between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls. The battle resulted in Sikh Victory with the capture of the city of Rohtas Fort and its governor Sarbuland Khan.
The Gujrat Expedition from 26 April to 29 April 1797 involved a three-day battle between the Durranis and the Sikh Misls as part of the Afghan-Sikh wars which ended with Sikh victory and the killing of Afghan governor Ahmad Shah Shahanchibashi.
...