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A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights.
An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process. An invention may be an improvement upon a machine, product, or process for increasing efficiency or lowering cost. It may also be an entirely new concept. If an idea is unique enough either as a stand-alone invention or as a significant improvement over the work of others, it can be patented. A patent, if granted, gives the inventor a proprietary interest in the patent over a specific period of time, which can be licensed for financial gain.
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed.
Black light paint or black light fluorescent paint is luminous paint that glows under a black light. It is based on pigments that respond to light in the ultraviolet segment of the electromagnetic spectrum. The paint may or may not be colorful under ordinary light. Black light paint should not be confused with phosphorescent (glow-in-the-dark) or daylight fluorescent paint.
Josephine Cochran was an American inventor who invented the first successful hand-powered dishwasher, which she designed and then constructed with the assistance of mechanic George Butters, who became one of her first employees.
Luminous paint is paint that emits visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.
Beulah Louise Henry was an American inventor whose extensive contributions to consumer products and manufacturing technology solidified her legacy in the field. Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, and later based in New York City, Henry was a pioneering figure who held 49 patents and developed over 110 inventions, significantly advancing technology while breaking gender barriers in her field.
Ruth Mary Rogan Benerito was an American physical chemist and inventor known for her huge impact work related to the textile industry, notably including the development of wash-and-wear cotton fabrics using a technique called cross-linking. She held 55 patents.
Sarah Elisabeth Goode was an American entrepreneur and inventor. She was one of the first known African American women to receive a United States patent, which she received in 1885 for her cabinet bed.
Joy Mangano is an American inventor and entrepreneur known for inventions such as the self-wringing Miracle Mop. She was the president of Ingenious Designs, LLC, and appeared regularly on the U.S. television shopping channel HSN until her departure in late 2018. Mangano is the founder and CEO of Clean Boss, a company that develops and sells cleaning products.
Miriam Elizabeth Benjamin was an American schoolteacher and inventor. In 1888, she obtained a patent for the Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels, becoming the second African-American woman to receive a patent.
Ángela Ruiz Robles was a Spanish teacher, writer, pioneer and inventor of the mechanical precursor to the electronic book, invented 20 years prior to Michael Hart’s Project Gutenberg, commonly referred to as the true inventor of the e-book, and over half a century before present-day e-books. She received two patents related to her “Mechanical Encyclopedia”. In 1949, Ruiz was awarded Spanish patent 190,698 for mechanisms with buttons that, when activated and pressed, displayed the learning materials. In her second patent, 276,364, awarded in 1962, she modified the design to remove buttons and instead include rotational reels that presented the subjects and learning materials..
Madeline M. Turner was an American inventor. She invented Turner's Fruit-Press, which paved the way for further development of the fruit press. She was granted U.S. patent 1,180,959 on April 25, 1916 and exhibited her invention at the Panama–California Exposition.
Bettye Washington Greene was an American industrial research chemist. She was one of the first few African American women to earn her Ph.D. in chemistry and she was the first African American female Ph.D. chemist to work in a professional position at the Dow Chemical Company. At Dow, she researched latex and polymers. Greene is considered an early African American pioneer in science.
Mary Beatrice Davidson Kenner was an American inventor most noted for her development of the adjustable sanitary belt. Kenner received five patents, which includes a carrier attachment for invalid walker and bathroom tissue dispenser.
Hannah Slater was an early American pioneer and inventor. Some sources state that she was the first American woman to receive a patent, however others state that Hazel Irwin, who received a patent for a cheese press in 1808, or Mary Kies, in 1809, was the first.
ProfessorJulie Hazel Campbell AO FAA is an Australian vascular biologist specialising in vascular smooth muscle. She is a professional fellow at the Australian Academy of Science and holds two patents for vascular implant material. Campbell made a groundbreaking discovery in the early 1970s, revealing that smooth muscle cells possess various phenotypes that regulate their biology and reaction to disease triggers, such as heart disease. Additionally, she uncovered methods to sustain these cells in a non-disease state. This newfound knowledge significantly advanced the comprehension of atherosclerotic plaque formation and offered valuable insights into potential preventive measures.
Harriet Ruth Brisbane Tracy (1834-1918) was born on December 6, 1834, in Charleston, South Carolina. She was a prolific and successful inventor who is credited to have received 27 patents from 1868 to 1915. These patents were in a multitude of fields such as elevators, sewing machines, and crib attachments. Of the 27 patents, six were for elevators and seventeen were for sewing machines. Ten of these patents came during a very productive period from 1890 to 1893. Of her inventions, the most renowned was her Tracy Gravity Safety Elevator. This system was designed to address the pain point of inefficiencies and frequent accidents in elevator systems at the time. This innovation was first installed and recognised in the Women's Building at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. Tracy’s other notable innovations were her sewing machines and crib attachments. One demonstration of Tracy's ability to adapt and her knack for innovation are her multiple other contributions, for example her contributions to innovation in folding beds. She died on May 30, 1918, at the age of 83; according to her obituary she was also "gifted as a writer of verse and prose", contributing frequently to "magazines and periodicals."
Dr. Marian Rogers Croak is an acclaimed American engineer who utterly transformed the capabilities of internet communication. Currently the Vice President of Engineering at Google, Croak's claim to fame was her revolutionary patent concerning Voice Over Internet Protocols (VoIP). This technology allows a person to make calls through Internet connection rather than a typical phone line, facilitating flexible and faster long distance communication globally. Prior to Google, Dr. Croak worked at AT&T and filed over 200 patents under her name. The prolific innovation of Dr. Croak shows her dedication to “reducing the barrier of entry to quality, affordable communication for the masses”. In 2022, she was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her work with VoIP. She stated, "Many people think inventors have to be brilliant and off the charts in terms of their IQ, super smart and super academic in school and have gotten all A's, and that's not at all true. Inventors are usually people like you. Sometimes they're good at certain things, other times they're not, and that's ok. Just focus on what you want to change and you become that change and can make that change happen."
Hele Irene Savin is a Finnish scientist and inventor, best known for her research in solar cells and is a professor of micro and nanoelectronics at Aalto University. She is publicly known as an inventor and developer of high-efficiency solar cells using nanostructured, so-called black silicon.
References
- 1 2 3 "Girl Finds Way to Write in Dark". New York Times. August 17, 1974. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
- 1 2 "Patent 3,832,556" (Document). United States Patent and Trademark Office. 1974.
- 1 2 3 4 Thimmesh, Catherine (2018). Girls Think of Everything: Stories of Ingenious Inventions by Women. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-1-328-77253-4.
- 1 2 "Glo-sheet -- radio commentary (audio)". engineerguy.com. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- 1 2 Casey, Susan (1997). Women Invent: Two Centuries of Discoveries That Have Shaped Our World. Chicago Review Press (published 2018). ISBN 978-1-55652-317-5.
- ↑ "Becky J. Schroeder Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Inventor does what NASA fails to do". Pleasanton Express. 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Inventions and Discoveries: Engineering Women". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-11-24.