Bernard of Auvergne was a French Dominican theologian who was the bishop-elect of Clermont from 1304 to 1307. He is known for his defence of Thomism.
Bernard of Auvergne was a French Dominican theologian who was the bishop-elect of Clermont from 1304 to 1307. He is known for his defence of Thomism.
Bernard was a native of Gannat. He entered the Dominican Order at Clermont. [1] [2]
As a Bachelor of Theology, [3] Bernard lectured on Peter Lombard's Sentences at the University of Paris at an unknown date. [4] It is unknown, however, he ever became a regent master. In 1302 or 1303, he became the prior of the convent of Saint-Jacques in Paris. [5] In 1303, he led the convent in opposing Pope Boniface VIII's bull Unam sanctam . [1] [3] In 1304, he was elected to succeed Peter of Auvergne as bishop of Clermont. His election was disputed and ultimately quashed by Pope Clement V in 1307. [5]
Bernard was a Thomist and a staunch defender of Thomas Aquinas against his critics, for which he earned the nickname Malleus (hammer). [1] His commentary on the Sentences is partially extant in a Prague manuscript copy covering only the first book. [6] [7] It was printed at Lyon in 1519. Among his other works are five questions he answered in a public disputation and four sermons he preached between 1301 and 1305. [1] In addition, an anonymous impugnatio (attack) against Giles of Rome is often but not universally attributed to him. [6]
Bernard's most important writings are his three reprobationes, also called impugnationes or improbationes. [5] These were "hostile reviews" or "impugnments" responding to some of the quodlibetal answers of Godfrey of Fontaines, James of Viterbo and Henry of Ghent. [8] They were composed in that order. The reprobatio to Godfrey was written between 1298 and 1304 and that to Henry was finished by 1315. [6] The reprobationes were widely read, being cited by John Capreolus, Peter of Palude, Henry of Herford, James of Metz, Hervaeus Natalis, Durand of Saint-Pourçain, John Baconthorpe, Michael of Massa and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Two full and four fragmentary manuscript copies of the reprobatio to Godfrey are known; five copies of the reprobatio to James; and nine of that of Henry. [9]
Against Godfrey and Henry, Bernard defends Aquinas' metaphysical notion of the composition of essence and existence. [10] With Godfrey, he critiques James of Viterbo's notion of divine ideas whereby they have a separate existence from God himself while not actual existence until created. [11] On economic questions, Bernard rejects Henry of Ghent's defence of money-changing (campsoria) as too involved. The ethical money-changer (campsor) is justly compensated for his services and there is no more that needs to be said. He also rejects Henry's early view of rents, arguing that a rental contract created a transferrable "right to receive money" (ius percipiendi pecuniam). Henry himself eventual yielded to this view. [12]
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Robert of Clermont was a French prince du sang who was created Count of Clermont in 1268. He was the sixth and last son of King Louis IX and Margaret of Provence.
Godfrey of Fontaines, in Latin Godefridus de Fontibus, was a scholastic philosopher and theologian, designated by the title Doctor Venerandus. He made contributions to a diverse range of subjects ranging from moral philosophy to epistemology. However, he is best known today for his work on metaphysics.
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Durandus of Saint-Pourçain was a French Dominican, philosopher, theologian, and bishop.
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James of Viterbo, born Giacomo Capocci, was an Italian Roman Catholic Augustinian friar and Scholastic theologian, who later became Archbishop of Naples.
Peter of Auvergne was a French philosopher and theologian.
The Archdiocese of Clermont is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The diocese comprises the department of Puy-de-Dôme, in the Region of Auvergne. The Archbishop's seat is Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral. Throughout its history Clermont was the senior suffragan of the Archdiocese of Bourges. It became a metropolitan see itself, however, in 2002. The current archbishop is François Kalist.
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Godfrey of Brabant, was Lord of Aarschot, between 1284 and his death in 1302, and Lord of Vierzon, between 1277 and 1302.
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During the Middle Ages, quodlibeta were public disputations in which scholars debated questions "about anything" posed by the audience. The practice originated in the theological faculty of the University of Paris around 1230. Classes were suspended just before Christmas and Easter holidays so that the masters could hold public sessions taking questions from the audience. After 1270, the practice spread beyond Paris, but elsewhere was usually associated with the studia (schools) of the mendicant orders. The first to introduce the quodlibeta to an institution outside of Paris was John of Peckham at Oxford University in 1272–1275. Records of quodlibeta survive on parchment from the 1230s to the 1330s, but thereafter written records are scarce. The practice, however, continued into the sixteenth century.
FrancescoCaracciolo was a Neapolitan nobleman, diplomat and theologian who was the chancellor of Notre-Dame and of the University of Paris from 1309 or 1310 until his death.
Nicholas of Bar was the bishop of Mâcon from 1286 until his death.
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