Bill 78

Last updated

Coat of arms of Quebec.svg
National Assembly of Quebec
CitationS.Q. 2012, c. 12
Passed by National Assembly of Quebec
Passed18 May 2012
Royal assent 18 May 2012
Commenced18 May 2012
Date of expiry1 July 2013
Legislative history
Bill citationBill 78
Introduced byMichelle Courchesne, Minister of Education, Recreation and Sports
Introduced18 May 2012
First reading 18 May 2012
Second reading 18 May 2012
Third reading 18 May 2012
Status: Expired

Bill 78, officially titled An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend, [1] led to an emergency law passed on 18 May 2012 by the National Assembly of Quebec. The law was passed in response to a student strike opposing tuition increases, associated with large student protests, and states that its purpose is to ensure that no student be denied the right to receive education at the school they attend, and that no one may impede the school's ability to provide it. [2] The law restricts protest or picketing on or near university grounds. The law further requires that organizers of a protest, consisting of 50 or more people in a public venue anywhere in Quebec, submit their proposed venue and/or route to the relevant police for approval. [3] Bill 78 was drafted by members of the Quebec Liberal Party, introduced by Education Minister Michelle Courchesne, and passed with the support of the Coalition Avenir Québec party. The planned tuition increases were subsequently repealed in September 2012, by a decree from Pauline Marois's newly elected Parti Québécois government. [4]

Contents

Background

Early events in the protest

In March 2011, Jean Charest's Quebec Liberal Party announced plans in their 2011–2012 budget to increase Quebec university fees by $325 per year over five years (or $1,625), [5] an increase of 75% over current rates. [6] [7] In April 2012, the government proposed a solution that would have seen tuition rise $254 per year over 7 years, including an inflation index after the first two years (or $1,779), an increase of 82% over current rates. [8]

Student protests in Montreal against the government's planned tuition increases, 14 April 2012 Manifestation du 14 avril 2012 a Montreal - 22.jpg
Student protests in Montreal against the government's planned tuition increases, 14 April 2012

Beginning 13 February 2012, students associated with one of Quebec's student unions walked out of their classes to protest the proposed tuition increases and, [9] by mid March, 250,000 people had joined. [10] Protesting students from colleges and universities held a vote, demanding that the government rescind the planned fee increases and place a freeze on fees before returning to class.

Clashes between student protesters and police began soon after the demonstrations began. Between 13 February and 15 May, groups of protesters, varying in population from hundreds to thousands, on multiple occasions blocked or attempted to block both the Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges, causing disruption to vehicular traffic; they were either dispersed or arrested by police. [11] [12] [13] [14] Students protesting at the Montreal Exchange were dispersed by riot police. [11] Montreal merchants and businesspeople complained that the protests were causing a negative impact on the city's commerce and on tourism. [15]

Students who did not participate in the strike were blocked by protesters from attending classes at several institutions, [16] including Valleyfield CEGEP, Université de Montréal, Concordia University, [17] and Université du Québec à Montreal. [18] The Quebec Superior Court issued injunctions against students who were demonstrating and blocking other students' access to classes at the Université de Montréal, the Université du Québec à Montréal, Laval University, and at the Collège d'Alma, threatening fines or arrest for picketing, assembly, and protest on university or college grounds. Judge Jean Lemelin explained the court's decision, stating "[t]he legality of the strike appears dubious considering Quebec's labour law, which only gives the right to strike to certain people and under very strict conditions." [10] Still, groups of protesting students on 16 May walked through the corridors of Université du Québec à Montreal buildings and entered classrooms to disrupt ongoing classes and vandalize, leading the administration to suspend teaching. [16] Students whose classes had been cancelled were, as they spoke to the media, heckled by protesters. [16]

Failure to reach an agreement

A deal reached between Quebec Liberal Party representatives and student representatives was rejected by striking students on 10 May. [19] The deal had been supported by student unions and major Quebec labour unions including the Quebec Federation of Labour, the Confédération des syndicats nationaux and by the Centrale des syndicats du Québec. On 14 May 2012, Education Minister Line Beauchamp resigned, saying she was "no longer part of the solution," and was replaced by Michelle Courchesne. [20]

Processes leading to Bill 78's adoption

On 16 May 2012 Quebec Premier Jean Charest and Michelle Courchesne announced their plan to introduce Bill 78, which would suspend the winter semester at the remaining 14 public colleges and 11 universities where Québécois students remained on strike. The bill would also restrict assembly, picket and protest rights on campuses and throughout Quebec. [21]

The bill was introduced by Michelle Courchesne on 17 May, and debated that day in Quebec's National Assembly. It was formally adopted on 18 May following a vote with 68 in favor and 48 opposed (with no abstentions). [22]

Provisions

Bill 78, which expires on 1 July 2013, [23] suspends winter semester classes at 11 universities and 14 colleges where over 150,000 students were demonstrating or continue to demonstrate; [24] classes for the fall and winter semesters at those locations will be completed by 30 September 2012 at the latest, [25] without penalization to enrolled students. [26] The Minister of Education, Recreation, and Sports is granted the ability to deem as not applicable certain other regulations or laws or to "[prescribe] any other necessary modification to" Bill 78 so as to provide for any dispositions deemed necessary to ensure the continuation of classes throughout the duration specified by the act. [27]

The law makes it illegal to deny a person access to any place if that person has a right or duty to be there and further restricts "any form of gathering" that might cause such denial from assembling inside any educational building, on the grounds of such a building, and within 50 meters of the limits of those grounds. [28] Employees of the colleges and universities may strike with accordance to the Labour Code, but they are still required to work their normal scheduled hours and carry out their usual duties. [29]

Article 16 of the bill furthermore declares illegal any demonstration of more than 50 people, at any location in Quebec, unless the dates, times, starting point, and routes of those locations and also the duration of the venue and the means of transportation that will be used by participants, if applicable, have been submitted to and approved by Quebec police. It is then possible, at the police authority's discretion, to modify the location and date of the protest if it judges that the protest would pose a serious threat to the order and security of the public. [2] The City of Montreal Bylaw P-6 has a similar provision. [30]

According to the provisions of the bill, any infraction against its prohibitions require offenders to pay fines, which are paid for each day of infraction. Those fines amount to $1,000–$5,000 for individuals, $7,000–$35,000 for student or union leaders, and $25,000–$125,000 per day for student or labour organizations. [2] Fines are doubled for second and subsequent offences. Universities or institutions which do not comply with the provisions of Bill 78 are subject to the daily fees paid by student or labour organizations. [2]

The bill establishes a date after which all education employees must return to work, and prohibits them from striking should this, "by act or omission", prevent students from receiving instruction, or indirectly impede services. [2]

Reactions

Support for Bill 78

Bill 78 has received support from Quebec Council of Employers. [31] Its president, Yves-Thomas Dorval, stated that because of "the failure to comply with court orders issued in the past few weeks, the bill will have to include measures strong enough to achieve this objective in order to serve as a deterrent. This is especially true since certain cells will persist in a strategy designed to create and sustain chaos and intimidation despite the potential good intentions of the parties involved." [32] Michel Leblanc, president and chief executive of the Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal has welcomed the new law as a way to protect downtown businesses, and André Poulin of Destination Centre-Ville has been supportive. [33]

Justice Minister Jean-Marc Fournier has stated that the intent of the law is to return calm to Quebec society, and show respect to the rights and education of non-striking students. [34]

Criticism of Bill 78

Protester displaying an anti Bill 78 sign on 22 May 2012 in Montreal Loi-speciale-78-Bill-protest.jpg
Protester displaying an anti Bill 78 sign on 22 May 2012 in Montreal
Thousands of Montreal citizens protesting Bill 78, the Charest government, and tuition hikes on Saturday, 2 June 2012 Thousands of Montreal citizens protesting Bill 78, the Charest government, and tuition hikes on Saturday, June 2, 2012 - P1140151.JPG
Thousands of Montreal citizens protesting Bill 78, the Charest government, and tuition hikes on Saturday, 2 June 2012

The Canadian Association of University Teachers has condemned the law for "violating fundamental freedoms of association, assembly, and expression", its president calling it "a terrible act of mass repression". [23]

The Quebec Human Rights Commission has also condemned the legislation. [23]

Louis Masson, head of the Bar of Quebec has questioned the constitutionality of the law, though the Canadian Press has stated that some members are upset with this position. [33] A Laval law professor stated, "Read it. Stunned. Can't believe that a democratic government can adopt such a law." [35] Professor Lucie Lemonde of Université de Montréal's law department stated the law was the second worst on record next to the War Measures Act. [33]

Student Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois, co-spokesperson for the student association CLASSE (Coalition large de l'association pour une solidarite syndicale etudiante), has urged the population to consider disobeying the law. [36] Université de Montréal philosophy professor Daniel Weinstock has stated that the bill is a scare tactic to frighten students and student leaders. [36]

The bill was also criticized by the United Nations, with the UN High Commissioner stating that: "In the context of student protests, I am disappointed by the new legislation passed in Quebec that restricts their rights to freedom of association and of peaceful assembly". [37] The bill was also denounced by opposition parties.

Subsequent events

Passage of the bill on Friday, 18 May was followed by major weekend protests in Montreal and breakdown of law and order at night, which continued daily for over a month. News outlets reported the throwing of at least one and possibly more molotov cocktails, [38] and the response of police with rubber bullets, tear gas and percussion bombs against protesters. [39] [40] Most other times protests were wholly peaceful. [38] Several protesters wore masks in protest of Montreal's recent bylaw criminalizing their use in protests; the Conservative Harper government at the time had been seeking to make their use during unlawful assembly an offense punishable by up to 10 years' imprisonment. [35] [41] Police declared the weekend protests to be illegal from Montreal Bylaw P-6, arresting 69 persons on the night of the bill's passage, and 308 on the following night. [40] [42]

Members of CLASSE voted on 20 May to call for continued protests and civil disobedience to oppose the new law, in addition to any increase in tuition. [43] Protests on the same day included an effort to march to the home of Quebec Premier Jean Charest. [43] CLASSE spokesperson Nadeau-Dubois has stated that over 2,000 persons have been fined by police under the new law, which students have vowed to challenge. [44] Responding to student calls for civil disobedience, Quebec Justice Minister Jean-Marc Fournier declared that the practice "is a nice word for vandalism." [45]

Over 100,000 people marched in Montreal on 22 May, marking the 100th day of student protests. [45] A Leger Marketing poll showed that 73% of Quebecers believe that Bill 78 will fail to halt protests; a spokesperson for the polling agency stated that for students, protests were not only about tuition increases but also "about the capitalist system." [46] One third of Quebec college and university students, or approximately 155,000 people, still remained on strike. [46]

Protests continued daily in the following days, with citizens now banging on pots and pans (cacerolazo) to express their opposition to Bill 78, first in Montreal and then in other cities and then to small towns across the province. Medias reported that many groups primarily concerned with the special law, and not necessarily sympathetic to students' demands, joined the gatherings across Quebec. [47] After mass arrests on the nights of 22 and 23 May, daily protests where galvanized. On 28 May 2012, a group of lawyers demonstrated in Montreal against Bill 78. [48]

Related Research Articles

Education in Quebec is governed by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education. It was administered at the local level by publicly elected French and English school boards, changed in 2020 to school service centres. Teachers are represented by province-wide unions that negotiate province-wide working conditions with local boards and the provincial government of Quebec.

Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of the Constitution of Canada. It is commonly known as the notwithstanding clause, sometimes referred to as the override power, and it allows Parliament or provincial legislatures to temporarily override sections 2 and 7–15 of the Charter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Université du Québec</span> System of public universities in Quebec, Canada

The Université du Québec is a system of ten provincially-run public universities in Quebec, Canada. Its headquarters are in Quebec City. The university coordinates 1400 programs for over 100,000 students. The government of Quebec founded the Université du Québec, a network of universities in several Quebec cities. In a similar fashion to other Canadian provinces, all universities in Quebec have since become public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Charest</span> Premier of Quebec from 2003 to 2012

John James "Jean" Charest is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the 29th premier of Quebec from 2003 to 2012. Prior to that, he was a member of Parliament (MP) between 1984 and 1998. After holding several Cabinet posts from 1986 to 1990 and from 1991 to 1993, he was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of Quebec history (1982–present)</span>

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events between patriation of the British North America Act and the present day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Marc Fournier</span> Canadian politician

Jean-Marc Fournier is a Quebec politician and a lawyer. He represented the riding of Saint-Laurent in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2010 to 2018, and previously represented the riding of Châteauguay from 1994 to 2008. He served as the Minister of Revenue, Government House Leader, Minister of Education, Minister of Municipal Affairs, and Attorney General in the Government of Jean Charest and was the interim leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 2012 to 2013

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauline Marois</span> Premier of Quebec from 2012 to 2014

Pauline Marois is a retired Canadian politician, who served as the 30th premier of Quebec from 2012 to 2014. Marois had been a member of the National Assembly in various ridings since 1981 as a member of the Parti Québécois (PQ), serving as party leader from 2007 to 2014. She is the first female premier of Quebec.

The Murray-Hill riot, also known as Montreal's night of terror, was the culmination of 16 hours of unrest in Montreal, Quebec during a strike by the Montreal police on 7 October 1969.

The California Bureau for Private Postsecondary and Vocational Education (BPPVE) was a unit of the California Department of Consumer Affairs whose purpose was to protect students by establishing academic standards for private institutions of higher education in California. BPPVE approval or exemption was required by the State of California to ensure consumer safety from fraudulent or substandard education providers. The agency ceased operation on July 1, 2007, when the legislative authority for its creation expired. A new agency, the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education, took its place on January 1, 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Line Beauchamp</span> Canadian politician

Line Beauchamp is a Canadian politician. She served as the Liberal Member of the National Assembly (MNA) for the Sauvé riding, and for Bourassa-Sauvé at the Quebec National Assembly from November 30, 1998 to May 14, 2012. She also served as Minister of Culture and Communications from April 29, 2003 to April 18, 2007, Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks from April 18, 2007 to August 12, 2012, and served as Minister of Education, Recreation, and Sports from August 11, 2010, and as Deputy Premier of Quebec from September 7, 2011, until she resigned on May 14, 2012 as a result of the 2012 Quebec student strike.

Michelle Courchesne is a former Deputy Premier of Quebec. A member of the Quebec Liberal Party, she was the National Assembly Member for the riding of Fabre in Laval, Quebec. She is also the former President of the Treasury Board, Minister responsible for the Laval region, Minister of Education and Deputy Premier of Quebec. She is a former Minister of Family, Immigration, Employment and Social Solidarity.

Pierre Reid was a Canadian politician and educator in the province of Quebec. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2003 to 2018, representing Orford as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. Reid was a former cabinet minister in Jean Charest's government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Higher education in Quebec</span>

Higher education in Quebec differs from the education system of other provinces in Canada. Instead of entering university or college directly from high school, students in Quebec leave secondary school after Grade 11, and enter post-secondary studies at the college level, as a prerequisite to university. Although both public colleges (CEGEPs) and private colleges exist, both are colloquially termed CEGEPs. This level of post-secondary education allows students to choose either a vocational path or a more academic path.

Antisemitism in Canada is the manifestation of hostility, prejudice or discrimination against the Canadian Jewish people or Judaism as a religious, ethnic or racial group. This form of racism has affected Jews since Canada's Jewish community was established in the 18th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Canadian Grand Prix</span> 2012 Formula One race held in Montreal, Canada

The 2012 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that took place on 10 June 2012 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The 70-lap race was the seventh round of the 2012 Formula One season, and the first of two North American rounds. It was the 49th Canadian Grand Prix, and the 33rd to be held at the circuit since its début on the calendar in 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Quebec student protests</span> 2012 protests for free education in Quebec, Canada

The 2012 Quebec student protests (movement) were a series of student protests led by students individually such as the Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante (ASSÉ), the Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec, and the Fédération étudiante collégiale du Québec against a proposal by the Quebec Cabinet, headed by Liberal Premier Jean Charest, to raise university tuition from $2,168 to $3,793 between 2012 and 2018. As part of the protest movement, a series of widespread student strikes were organized, involving half of Quebec's student population by April 2012. A third of Québécois students continued to participate in the strike by its 100th day, while a quarter million had participated during its peak. Other students continued to attend their courses.

The Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante (ASSÉ) was a Canadian student union founded in February 2001 in Sherbrooke, Quebec, which contained about 56,000 CEGEP and university-level students in 34 member student unions throughout Quebec. The ASSÉ positioned itself distinctly from the other province-wide student unions, the Fédération étudiante universitaire du Québec (FEUQ), the Fédération étudiante collégiale du Québec (FECQ) and the Table de concertation étudiante du Québec (TaCEQ), namely rejecting hierarchical leadership structures in favor of autonomous and horizontal approaches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois</span> Canadian politician (born 1990)

Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois is a politician from Quebec, Canada. With Manon Massé, he is the co-spokesperson of the left-wing party Québec solidaire since May 21, 2017, and was elected as a member of the provincial legislative assembly on May 29, 2017. Before his arrival in active politics, he was well known for his role during the 2012 Quebec student protests as co-spokesperson of the Coalition large de l'Association pour une solidarité syndicale étudiante (CLASSE), a broad coalition of student associations opposed to the $1,625 tuition hike introduced by Jean Charest's government. He quit that position on August 9, 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015–2016 Quebec protests</span> Protest movement

The Quebec protests of 2015–2016 is a protest movement that began on March 21, 2015 in Quebec, in the context of what some student associations, left-wing groups, columnists qualify as social strikes, to denounce the budget restriction measures adopted by the Philippe Couillard government. 130,000 students are on strike during the first national demonstration on April 2, 2015, including 55,000 on general strike. Like the 2012 Quebec student protests, the movement was initiated by students and encompassed various issues, particularly that of public finances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alejandra Zaga Mendez</span> Canadian politician

Alejandra Zaga Mendez is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2022 Quebec general election. She represents the riding of Verdun as a member of Québec solidaire.

References

  1. ↑ An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend, S.Q. 2012, c. 12 (English version) / Loi permettant aux étudiants de recevoir l’enseignement dispensé par les établissements de niveau postsecondaire qu’ils fréquentent, L.Q. 2012, c. 12, (French version) "Lois annuelles: Lois du Québec 2012" (in French). Publications Québec. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Elizabeth II (2012). An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend (PDF). II.13. Quebec City: Quebec Official Publisher (published 18 May 2012). Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  3. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , III.16
  4. ↑ "Tuition hikes scrapped at first Parti Quebecois cabinet meeting," CTV.ca, 20 September 2012; retrieved 6 January 2012.
  5. ↑ "Budget at a Glance (Budget 2011–2012)," Government of Quebec, 2011, p.12.
  6. ↑ "Bloomberg BusinessWeek". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  7. ↑ "Reuters". 18 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  8. ↑ "By the numbers". 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  9. ↑ Statement of the International Students for Social Equality, "Quebec’s striking students must turn to the working class!," World Socialist Web Site , 29 February 2012.
  10. 1 2 Marquis, Eric, "Quebec government escalates campaign to break student strike," World Socialist Web Site , 1 March 2012.
  11. 1 2 Marquis, Eric, "Support for Quebec student strike swells," World Socialist Web Site , 1 March 2012.
  12. ↑ Rakobowchuk, Peter (23 February 2012), "Riot police step in as Montreal students block bridge in tuition protests", The Globe and Mail, Toronto, retrieved 19 July 2012
  13. ↑ "Student protesters face fines after blocking Montreal traffic". CBC. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  14. ↑ "Que. students block bridge, cops arrest 19", Toronto Sun, 15 May 2012, retrieved 19 July 2012
  15. ↑ Bruemmer, René (23 March 2012). "Student protests may be having detrimental effect on Montreal's economy". Global. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 "Masked student protesters storm Montreal classrooms". CBC. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  17. ↑ Seidman, Karen, "Striking students block classmates entry to Valleyfield CEGEP," Montreal Gazette, 13 April 2012.
  18. ↑ Dolphin, Myles, "Masked protesters hunt for scabs in Montreal university classes," The National Post, 16 May 2012.
  19. ↑ WSWS reporting team, "Quebec students reject union-promoted sellout of their fight for accessible education," World Socialist Web Site , 11 May 2012.
  20. ↑ "Education Minister Line Beauchamp resigns, replaced by Michelle Courchesne," CTV.ca, 14 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  21. ↑ "Quebec to suspend school semester amid protests". CTV.ca. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  22. ↑ Bill page from the National Assembly: Bill n°78 : An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend.
  23. 1 2 3 Marshall, Andrew (19 May 2012). "Quebec Steps Closer to Martial Law to Repress Students". Media Co Op. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  24. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.2
  25. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.6(1)
  26. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.7
  27. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.9
  28. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.14
  29. ↑ Elizabeth II 2012 , II.12
  30. ↑ Ville de Montreal, "By-law concerning the prevention of breaches of the peace, public order and safety, and the use of public property," Ville de Montreal Web Site , 25 May 2012.
  31. ↑ Jones, Keith, "Quebec law criminalizing student strike threatens basic rights of all," World Socialist Web Site , 19 May 2012.
  32. ↑ Lemieux, Patrick (18 May 2012). "Quebec Employers Council President offers comments" (Press release). Canada NewsWire.
  33. 1 2 3 Blatchford, Andy (16 April 2010). "Quebec student bill 'worst law' since War Measures Act: law professor". Winnipeg Free Press.
  34. ↑ Les Perreaux And Rhéal Séguin (1 May 2012). "Quebec's emergency law blasted by critics". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
  35. 1 2 Tu Thanh Ha & Les Perreaux (5 May 2012). "Anti-protest legislation passes in Quebec". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
  36. 1 2 Montgomery, Sue, "Groups see red over ‘cynical’ Bill 78 Archived 21 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ," The Montreal Gazette, 19 May 2012.
  37. ↑ "Quebec protesters cheered by UN criticism of Bill 78 | CTV News". montreal.ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  38. 1 2 Thousands march in defiance of new law, CTV Montreal, 18 May 2012.
  39. ↑ Canada. "Molotov cocktails launched in Montreal protests following legal crackdown". The Globe and Mail. Canada. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012.
  40. 1 2 Harrold, Max and Christopher Curtis, "After Bill 78, two nights of violence in Montreal streets," The Montreal Gazette , 20 May 2012.
  41. ↑ "Conservative MP Blake Richards' proposed crackdown on masked protesters goes too far". Toronto Star. 9 May 2012.
  42. ↑ "Montreal police teargas protesters, arrest 69". CBC News. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  43. 1 2 Shingler, Benjamin, "Quebec's largest student group vows to defy new emergency law," Global Montreal, 22 May 2012.
  44. ↑ Derfel, Aaron (22 May 2012). "We won't let Bill 78 stop us: CLASSE". The Gazette . Montreal. Retrieved 22 May 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  45. 1 2 Jones, Keith, "Quebec: Huge protest supports striking students, denounces Bill 78," The World Socialist Web Site , 23 May 2012.
  46. 1 2 Lemghalef, Leila (22 May 2012). "Big Montreal march marks 100 days of student anger". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 May 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  47. ↑ "Montreal protesters march in peaceful defiance". CBC News. 27 May 2012.
  48. ↑ "Lawyers march against Bill 78". ctv.ca.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.