Bladder training

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Bladder training, also known as scheduled voiding and bladder re-education is urinating at specific times of the day. [1] It is used as a first line treatment of overactive bladder on mixed urinary incontinence. [1]

Contents

Bladder training

Bladder training is a behavioral therapy aimed at improving bladder control and managing urinary incontinence. It is a non-invasive intervention commonly employed for various types of incontinence, including urge incontinence, stress incontinence, and mixed incontinence. The therapy focuses on gradually increasing the time intervals between voiding episodes to strengthen the bladder's capacity and reduce involuntary urine leakage. [2] [3]

Overview

Bladder training is based on the principle that the bladder can be conditioned to hold larger volumes of urine and reduce involuntary contractions. It requires active participation from individuals, making it most suitable for those who are physically and cognitively capable of adhering to scheduled voiding regimens. [2] [3]

This approach is typically used in both primary and secondary care settings and is often combined with other treatments such as pelvic floor muscle training or pharmacological interventions. The therapy has been particularly recommended for those with symptoms of overactive bladder. [4] [5]

Mechanism of action

Bladder training works by progressively increasing the time between voiding episodes, encouraging individuals to resist the urge to urinate and suppress involuntary bladder contractions. Over time, this helps reduce the frequency and severity of incontinence episodes. [2] [3] The therapy also emphasizes complementary techniques, such as distraction and relaxation, to help individuals manage sudden urinary urges. Consistent adherence to the program is key to its success. [4] [6]

Components

Bladder training programs typically involve the following steps:

  1. Education: Patients are informed about the function of the bladder, causes of incontinence, and the goals of bladder training. This foundational knowledge helps them understand the importance of adhering to the therapy. [2]
  2. Scheduled Voiding: Patients follow a fixed schedule for urination, gradually extending the interval between bathroom visits by 15–30 minutes each week until they achieve a target interval of 3–4 hours. [2]
  3. Urge Suppression Techniques: Techniques such as distraction, deep breathing, or pelvic floor muscle contractions are taught to manage sudden urges. [7]

Additional techniques

Some programs incorporate complementary approaches to enhance the effectiveness of bladder training:

Effectiveness

A 2023 systematic review by Funada et al. evaluated the effectiveness of bladder training in treating overactive bladder compared to anticholinergic medications and no treatment. The review found that:

A 2024 meta-analysis by Fitz et al. further supported these findings, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment plans and patient education to enhance adherence and outcomes. [3]

Practical considerations

Bladder training is generally recommended as a first-line treatment for managing urinary incontinence, particularly for individuals with overactive bladder. It is especially useful for patients who prefer non-invasive approaches or who cannot tolerate the side effects of medications. [4]

Suitable candidates

Bladder training is most effective for individuals who:

Healthcare providers, such as nurses or physiotherapists, play a key role in educating patients and supporting them throughout the therapy. [5]

Future research

Further research is needed to:

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References

  1. 1 2 Overactive Bladder: Practical Management. John Wiley & Sons. 2015. p. 77. ISBN   9781118640593.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Funada S et al. "Bladder training for treating overactive bladder in adults." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013571.pub2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Fitz JP et al. "Efficacy of bladder training in urinary incontinence: A systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal of Urology, 2024. DOI: 10.1111/iju.15034.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Rocha AK et al. "Efficacy of bladder training in adults with overactive bladder: A systematic review protocol." medRxiv, 2022. DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.01.22271687.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Comparative analysis of Cochrane reviews on bladder training and voiding programs, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.08.011.
  6. 1 2 Nguyen TL et al. "Behavioral interventions for urinary incontinence: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2021. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071345.
  7. 1 2 Rocha AK et al. "Isolated bladder training or in combination with other therapies to improve overactive bladder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.11.002.
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