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Janusz Andrzej Zajdel was a Polish science fiction author, second in popularity in Poland to Stanisław Lem. His major genres were social science fiction and dystopia. His main recurring theme involved the gloomy prospects for a space environment into which mankind carried totalitarian ideas and habits: Red Space Republics, or Space Labor Camps, or both. His heroes desperately try to find meaning in the world around them.
Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki was a Polish composer and conductor. Among his best known works are Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima, Symphony No. 3, his St. Luke Passion, Polish Requiem, Anaklasis and Utrenja. Penderecki composed four operas, eight symphonies and other orchestral pieces, a variety of instrumental concertos, choral settings of mainly religious texts, as well as chamber and instrumental works.
Paweł Jasienica was the pen name of Leon Lech Beynar, a Polish historian, journalist, essayist and soldier.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – formally, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland – was a dual state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost 1,000,000 square kilometres (400,000 sq mi) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages.
Piotr Skarga was a Polish Jesuit, preacher, hagiographer, polemicist, and leading figure of the Counter-Reformation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to his oratorical gifts, he has been called "the Polish Bossuet".
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki(
The Constitutional Tribunal is the constitutional court of the Republic of Poland, a judicial body established to resolve disputes on the constitutionality of the activities of state institutions; its main task is to supervise the compliance of statutory law with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It was established on the 26 March 1982 by the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland after the introduction of martial law, an attempt to crush political opposition.
Adam Zagajewski is a Polish poet, novelist, translator and essayist. He was awarded the 2004 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the 2016 Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award and the 2017 Princess of Asturias Award for Literature. He is considered as one of the leading poets of the Generation of '68' or the Polish New Wave and is one of Poland's most prominent contemporary poets.
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Miłosz Biedrzycki (MLB) is a Polish poet, translator and geophysical engineer. One of the best known authors of the "brulion generation".
The Polish–Lithuanian and Prussian alliance was a mutual defense alliance signed on 29 March 1790 in Warsaw between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia. It was signed in the brief period when Prussia was seeking an ally against either Austria or Russia, and the Commonwealth was seeking guarantees that it would be able to carry out significant governmental reforms without foreign intervention.
Martin Czechowic (c.1532–1613) was a Polish Socinian (Unitarian) minister, Protestant reformer, theologian and writer.
The 1659 Battle of Grudziądz took place in the Polish town of Grudziądz during the Swedish Deluge, around 29–30 August 1659. Polish forces were commanded either by hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski or general Krzysztof Grodzicki. The battle ended with the Polish victory, after a week-long siege; however much of the city was destroyed in a fire.
The Warsaw Gay Movement – was one of the first openly lesbian and gay organizations in Poland; it operated in Warsaw (Poland) between 1987 and 1988. The Warsaw Gay Movement was started in 1987, initially only for gay men. The founders were a group of activists, led by Waldemar Zboralski, Sławomir Starosta and Krzysztof Garwatowski. However, lesbian women began joining the group during its first month of activity.
Sławomir Starosta is a Polish LGBT activist, musician, journalist and publisher of porn magazines and gay porn websites.
Krzysztof Bogdan Garwatowski, - is a Polish LGBT activist, journalist and publisher of porn magazines.
Since the creation of the Polish state and its Christianization there have never been any Polish laws, not counting periods of occupation, that persecute LGBT people. Homosexuality has been a taboo subject for most of Poland's history, however, and this and the lack of legal discrimination often led to a lack of historical sources around the subject. Homophobia has been a common public attitude in Poland, thanks to the influence of Catholic Church in Polish public life, and the widespread conservatism of Polish society. Homosexuality in Poland was decriminalized in 1932.
References
- 1 2 Ursula Phillips (25 January 2013). Polish Literature in Transformation. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 252. ISBN 978-3-643-90289-4 . Retrieved 10 November 2014.
- 1 2 Matthias Schwartz; Heike Winkel (30 November 2015). Eastern European Youth Cultures in a Global Context (mathe ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-137-38513-0 . Retrieved 24 April 2016.
- Bílé propasti (White Abysses), Host, Brno, 1997, p. 181-9.
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