Bulldog Hanover

Last updated
Bulldog Hanover
Bulldog Hanover.jpg
Bulldog Hanover at Woodbine Mohawk Park in 2022
Breed Standardbred
Sire Shadow Play
GrandsireThe Panderosa
DamBjs Squall
Damsire Artsplace
Sex Stallion
Foaled2018
Hanover, Pennsylvania
ColourBay
Breeder Hanover Shoe Farms
OwnerJack Darling, Brad Grant
TrainerJack Darling
Record37: 28-4-1
Earnings$2,789,741
Gait Pace
DriverDexter Dunn, Jody Jamieson
Mile record1:45 4/5 (World Record)
GroomJohn Mallia
Major wins
Somebeachsomewhere Stakes (2021)

Monument Circle (2021)

Roll With Joe Stakes (2022)

Graduate Series Final (2022)

William R. Haughton Memorial Pace (2022)

Dan Patch Stakes (2022)

Canadian Pacing Derby (2022)

Hoosier Park Pacing Derby (2022)

Dayton Pacing Derby (2022)

Breeders Crown Open Pace (2022)

TVG Open (2022)
Awards
Dan Patch Horse of the Year (2022)

Dan Patch Pacer of the Year Award (2022)

Dan Patch Award for Older Male Pacer (2022)

Stan F. Bergstein-Proximity Achievement Award (2022)

Contents

Somebeachsomewhere Horse of the Year

O'Brien Award for Older Pacing Horse (2022)

Cam Fella Award (2022)
Honours
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame (2023)

Bulldog Hanover (foaled May 21, 2018) is a retired champion Canadian Standardbred racehorse who is known for becoming the first harness horse to complete a mile in under 1:46. [1] He was also the first horse to be unanimously selected as the Dan Patch Horse of the Year. [2] He has been likened to legends Somebeachsomewhere and Niatross [3] and is considered to be among the best harness horses of all time. [3] [4] [5] Bulldog Hanover was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 2023.

Background

Bulldog Hanover is a bay stallion with a small white star on his forehead and white hind pasterns. He was bred by Hanover Shoe Farms and was foaled in Hanover, Pennsylvania. His sire, Shadow Play, is a leading Canadian sire and was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 2022. [6] Dr. Bridgette Jablonsky, the executive vice president of Hanover Shoe Farms at the time, later said that Bulldog Hanover's dam, Bjs Squall, had been "kind of a disappointment" and thought breeding her to an Ontario sire would "give her more of a shot." [7] Bulldog Hanover was purchased by Jack Darling for $28,000 at the Standardbred Horse Sale in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on November 6, 2019. According to Jablonsky, Bulldog Hanover was a good-looking and muscular yearling and was included in a list of recommendations to Darling. [7] Darling said the purchase, his only of the sale, [7] was a stroke of luck as he was not intending to buy colts when he attended the sale but happened to look at Bulldog Hanover. [8]

Racing career

2020:Two-year-old season

Bulldog Hanover qualified for the first time on June 20, 2020. He made his racing debut on July 6, finishing second in an Ontario Sires Stakes (OSS) Grassroots race at Woodbine Mohawk Park. He later won two OSS Gold races and finished his season by winning the OSS Super Final for two-year-old pacing colts by nine lengths in a new career-best time of 1:50.2. [9]

Overall, he won four of six races and earned $248,850 and was named a finalist for Two-year-old Pacing Colt of the Year at the annual O'Brien Awards. [8] Jody Jamieson drove him in every race.

2021: Three-year-old season

Right before the start of his sophomore year, Jack Darling received an offer for the horse from Determination but declined, and then rejected an improved bid shortly after. [7] Two days later, Darling sold half of the stake in the horse to well-known Ontario horse owner Brad Grant. [7] Bulldog Hanover finished first in qualifiers on May 28 and June 3 before beginning his three-year-old year with a loss at Woodbine Mohawk Park on June 12. He bounced back to win an OSS Gold event on July 3 and then finished third in the next leg of the competition on July 25 at Georgian Downs. He then won two OSS Golds in a row back at Woodbine Mohawk Park in August before taking the Somebeachsomewhere Stakes, seen as a preview race to the following week's North America Cup, on August 28 at the same venue in a new best time of 1:48.2. [10]

Bulldog Hanover won his elimination for the $1,000,000 North America Cup, Canada's richest harness race, on September 6 but finished fourth in the final on September 11. The stallion finished second in his final two Canadian starts of the year, an OSS Gold and the OSS Super Final on September 25 and October 16, respectively.

Darling sent Bulldog Hanover to Indiana to race at Harrah's Hoosier Park for the rest of the season, where the horse won four consecutive races. In his second start in the United States on November 5, he tied the stakes record of 1:48.3 when he won the $220,000 Monument Circle by four lengths with John De Long driving. [11] Jody Jamieson had driven the horse in every prior start.

He finished the season with 10 wins in 15 starts and earned more than $682,000 CAD. [12] He was again nominated for a divisional honour — this time for Three-year-old Pacing Colt of the Year — at the O'Brien Awards but lost to North America Cup winner Desperate Man. [13]

At the end of his 2021 season, Seelster Farms of Lucan, Ontario, announced they would stand the stallion at stud while he raced in 2022. [14]

2022: Four-year-old season

Bulldog Hanover began his four-year-old year with a pair of winning qualifiers on April 30 and May 7 and won his seasonal debut in an elimination for the Charles Juravinski Memorial Cup at Flamboro Downs on May 15. He lost the $273,500 final, [15] finishing fourth in one of his two losses that year.

His next start, a victory in the Graduate Series at Woodbine Mohawk Park on June 4, began an 11-race winning streak. He remained at the track for another week to win a $65,000 Free-for-All on June 11 before shipping to New Jersey to compete in a string of stakes races at The Meadowlands.

"22 Days That Changed Harness Racing"

Source: [16]

The move was facilitated by a temporary stable change to trainer Noel Daley. Dexter Dunn thereafter replaced Jody Jamieson, who had driven Bulldog Hanover in every race except those in Indiana to that point, as the horse's main driver.

Bulldog Hanover set a new career best time of 1:47 on June 25 in the next leg of the Graduate Series. One week later, in the Roll With Joe on July 2, he became the third horse ever to complete a race in 1:46 as he won by a length-and-three-quarters. [17] He nearly equaled the feat on July 9, when he won the $250,000 Graduate Series Final in 1:46.1, prompting further speculation he may break 1:46 in the following week's William R. Haughton Memorial Pace. [18]

1:45.4 world record

Bulldog Hanover entered the $500,000 Haughton Memorial on July 16 as the odds-on favourite and started the race from post seven. The field was filled with stakes winning horses, including Rockyroad Hanover, Tattoo Artist, and Abuckabett Hanover. Driven by Dexter Dunn, he took the lead nearly halfway through the race and completed the first three-quarters in 1:20.3. He then paced the last quarter mile in :25.1 and stopped the clock in 1:45.4, becoming the first harness horse in history to complete a mile faster than 1:46. [19]

The record-breaking victory earned the horse mainstream media attention [20] [21] and was widely acclaimed in harness racing's press. [22] [23] [24] Harold Howe of The Harness Edge called Bulldog Hanover's stint at The Meadowlands "22 days that changed harness racing." [16]

Later season

Bulldog Hanover got two weeks off before rerouting to Harrah's Hoosier Park. There, he won the $315,000 Dan Patch Stakes on August 12 with a time of 1:48.1. [25] He then returned home to Ontario to compete in the Canadian Pacing Derby. After winning his elimination easily on August 27, he equaled the fastest mile in Canadian history as he won the $650,000 final on September 3 in 1:46.4. This made him only the second horse in history to complete a mile faster than 1:47 in Canada. [26]

In his next start on September 23, he broke the track record at Harrah's Hoosier Park as he won the $200,000 Hoosier Park Pacing Derby by six lengths in 1:46.3. It was the fifth time Bulldog Hanover raced faster than 1:47, which had been done on only 11 other occasions before his 2022 season. [18]

Bulldog Hanover won the $250,000 Dayton Pacing Derby on October 1 at Dayton Raceway, again by open lengths, for his 11th consecutive win. [27] He then went to The Red Mile for the $153,000 Allerage on October 9, where fans and media anticipated another possible world record. However, his streak came to an end when Allywag Hanover defeated him in a stunning upset, with the former tying the track record and breaking the world record for an aged pacing gelding as he become the fourth horse to complete a mile in 1:46. [28]

Bulldog Hanover then won the $810,000 Breeders Crown Open Pace, one of harness racing's most coveted races, on October 29 at his home track of Woodbine Mohawk Park in front of a large crowd. [29] He moved to the lead at the halfway point and drew away down the stretch to win by three-and-three-quarter lengths and equal his own Canadian record of 1:46.4 for the second time in the season. [30]

Darling announced on November 2 that Bulldog Hanover would race for the last time in the $345,000 TVG Open at The Meadowlands on November 26. He qualified once for fitness at Woodbine Mohawk Park on November 18. The horse then went out a winner as he cruised to victory by two-and-a-quarter lengths in 1:47.3. [31]

In his four-year-old season, Bulldog Hanover won 14 of his 16 races and earned $1,649,906.

End-of-year awards

On December 19, he was named the third horse to receive the Stan Bergstein-Proximity Achievement Award, the highest honour given out by the United States Harness Writers Association (USHWA). [32] USHWA unanimously named Bulldog Hanover the Older Male Pacer of the Year ten days later. [33] On February 4, 2023, Bulldog Hanover won Older Pacing Horse of the Year, Somebeachsomewhere Horse of the Year, and the Cam Fella Award at the annual O'Brien Awards. [34] On February 19, at the Dan Patch Awards, Bulldog Hanover became the first horse to be unanimously named Horse of the Year. He was also named Pacer of the Year. [35] His awards garnered national media attention in Canada [36] and the United States. [37]

Retirement

On April 26, 2023, Bulldog Hanover was announced as an inductee into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in the Male Horse category for the class of 2023. [38] He was selected over Trotting Triple Crown winner Marion Marauder and top sire Muscle Mass. He was officially inducted on August 9, 2023.

Summary

Year [39] AgeStartsWinPlaceShowEarningsSpeed

Record

20202641–$188,8421:50.2
20213151021$580,8521:48.0
2022416141–$1,858,2101:45.4
Overall372841$2,419,0001:45.4

Stud career

On November 26, 2022, Seelster Farms announced Bulldog Hanover would stand for a fee of $15,000 in 2023. [40] On December 20, the farm announced his book of mares for the following season full and closed. [41] His first foal, a colt out of the breeding farm's mare Deb, was born on February 1, 2023, at Seelster Farms. [42]

Pedigree

Pedigree of Bulldog Hanover
Sire
Shadow Play (2005)

p,4,1:47.4 ($1,559,822)

The PanderosaWestern HanoverNo Nukes
Wendymae Hanover
Daisy HarborCoal Harbor
J R Daisy
Matts Filly Matt's Scooter Direct Scooter
Ellens Glory
Breezes GirlWarm Breeze
Bit Players
Dam
Bjs Squall (1998)

p,3,1:53.1s ($268,595)

 Artsplace AbercrombieSilent Majority
Bergdorf
Miss Elvira Albatross
Ladalia Hanover
Lady Ashlee AnnCamtastic Cam Fella
Lushkara
Preacher EdithAdios Vic
Keystone Sophie

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bret Hanover</span> American Standardbred racehorse

Bret Hanover was an outstanding American Standardbred racehorse. He was one of only nine pacers to win harness racing's Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and won 62 of 68 starts. He was the first horse to be voted United States Harness Horse of the Year three times and remains the only pacer to have received that honor.

The North America Cup is an annual harness racing event for 3-year-old standardbred pacing horses which is held at Woodbine Mohawk Park in Campbellville, Ontario, Canada. The race replaced the Queen City Pace run from 1964 to 1983. From 1984 to 1993, the North America Cup was held at Greenwood Raceway and from 1994 to 2006, the North America Cup was held at Woodbine Entertainment Group's other harness racing venue, Woodbine Racetrack. It is the richest harness race in North America at $1,000,000.

Cam Fella was a bay pacing horse by Most Happy Fella out of Nan Cam by Bret Hanover. He was trained and driven originally by Doug Arthur and later by Pat Crowe. His best time for the mile was 1:53.1. Cam Fella was purchased as a 2-year-old by the two Norms, Norm Clements and Norm Faulkner. He earned the nickname "The Pacing Machine" in a career wherein he became the richest standardbred of all time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodbine Racetrack</span> Canadian casino and horse racing track

Woodbine Racetrack is a race track for Thoroughbred horse racing in the Etobicoke area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group, Woodbine Racetrack manages and hosts Canada's most famous race, the King's Plate. The track was opened in 1956 with a one-mile oval dirt track, as well as a seven-eights turf course. It has been extensively remodeled since 1993, and since 1994 has had three racecourses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohawk Racetrack</span>

Mohawk Racetrack is a harness racing track in Campbellville, Ontario. It is owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group and is about 40 km southwest of the company's other racetrack, Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. Woodbine Mohawk Park also has a large slot machine parlour with over 1,000 slot machines, which is operated by Great Canadian Entertainment; some of the revenue from this operation is used to increase the horseracing purses. Ken Middleton is the longtime track announcer.

Somebeachsomewhere (2005–2018) was a Standardbred Race Horse who, as a three-year-old, tied the world record for a mile at The Red Mile with a time of 1:46.4 and earned $3,221,299. In 2008, he had the highest earnings by a pacer in a single season of $2,448,003.

Harness racing in New Zealand is primarily a professional sport which involves pacing and trotting competitions for Standardbred racehorses. The difference is the horse's gait or running style:

Cam's Card Shark (1991-2020) is an American champion standardbred horse. His sire (father) was Cam Fella, who earned more than $2 million during his racing career, and his dam (mother) was Jef's Magic Trick, who only earned $28,340 during her career. He was named the 1994 American Horse of the Year by the United States Trotting Association and held the then-record of most money earned by a Standardbred horse in a single year. During his two years of competition until his retirement in 1994, Cam's Card Shark had 20 wins, earning more than $2.4 million.

The Canadian Pacing Derby is a race for three-year-old Standardbred Free For All pacers run at a distance of one mile at Woodbine Mohawk Park in Campbellville, Ontario.

Ralph Hanover was a Standardbred colt who in 1983 became the seventh horse to capture the U.S. Pacing Triple Crown. Bred by Hanover Shoe Farms, as a yearling he was purchased for $58,000 by trainer Stewart Firlotte at the 1981 Standardbred Horse Sale Company's Harrisburg, Pennsylvania auction.

The Governor's Cup is an American harness racing event run annually for two-year-old Standardbred pacers at a distance of one mile. First run in 1985 as a fixed event at Garden State Park, that track closed on May 3, 2001 and the Governor's Cup would then be run at various race venues in the U.S. Northeast and in Ontario, Canada. In 2013, the race became part of the 'Fall Four' stakes and alternated between Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey and Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario. Since 2017, it has been held at Meadowlands Racetrack.

The Breeders Crown Open Pace is a harness racing event for Standardbred pacers. It is one part of the Breeders Crown annual series of twelve races for both Standardbred pacers and trotters. The Open Pace for horses age four and older was first run in 1985. It is contested over a distance of one mile. Race organizers have awarded the event to various racetracks across North America.

The Charles Juravinski Memorial Cup is a harness race for Standardbred pacers run annually at Flamboro Downs in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Set at a distance of one mile, it was first run in 1977 as the Confederation Cup Pace and through 2012 it was a race for three-year-olds. Placed on hiatus for 2013 and 2014, upon reinstatement in 2015, the Confederation Cup Pace was changed to an event for four-year-olds. The race was not contested in 2020 or 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, it was renamed the Charles Juravinski Memorial Cup in honour of Flamboro Downs' co-founder, Charles Juravinski, who died that year.

The Breeders Crown Open Mare Pace is a harness racing event for four-year-old and older Standardbred mare pacers. It is one part of the Breeders Crown annual series of twelve races for both Standardbred pacers and trotters. First run in 1986, it is contested over a distance of one mile. Race organizers have awarded the event to various racetracks across North America.

The Breeders 2YO Colt & Gelding Pace is a harness racing event for two-year-old Standardbred male pacers. It is one part of the Breeders Crown annual series of twelve races for both Standardbred pacers and trotters. First run in 1985, it is contested over a distance of one mile. Race organizers have awarded the event to various racetracks across North America. The 2017 race will be held at Hoosier Park in Anderson, Indiana, United States.

The Breeders Crown Open Mare Trot is a harness racing event for three-year-old and older Standardbred mare trotters. It is one part of the Breeders Crown annual series of twelve races for both Standardbred trotters and pacers. First run in 1986, it is contested over a distance of one mile. Race organizers have awarded the event to various racetracks across North America.

The Metro Pace is one of the premier harness racing events in North America for two-year-old Standardbred pacers. First run in 1988 at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, in several of the ensuing years it was hosted by Mohawk Raceway in Campbellville, Ontario where it has been run exclusively since 2005.

Always B Miki is a Champion American Standardbred pacer. As a younger horse, he raced mainly at Hoosier Park in Indiana but came to national prominence in his three-year-old season. Favored to win the final of the Breeders Crown 3YO Colt & Gelding Pace, the colt fractured his leg before the race and needed to undergo surgery. After a long layoff, he returned to win the 2015 Breeders Crown Open Pace. At age five, he won several major races and set multiple speed records including a world record of 1:46 at The Red Mile. He received the 2016 Dan Patch Award for Harness Horse of the Year.

The Maple Leaf Trot is a harness race for Standardbred trotters three years of age and older. It is run at a distance of one mile at Mohawk Racetrack in Campbellville, Ontario.

Bettor's Delight is a former champion American Standardbred race-horse and one of the World's greatest stud stallions.

References

  1. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover Breaks 1:46". Standardbred Canada. July 16, 2022. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  2. ↑ Weingartner, Ken (February 19, 2023). "Harness: Bulldog Hanover first unanimous Horse of the Year". www.drf.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  3. 1 2 Briggs, Dave (2022-11-27). "BULLDOG HANOVER exits with us wanting more". Harness Racing Update. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  4. ↑ Towers, Dean (2022-10-09). "Is Bulldog Hanover the best ever?". Harness Racing Update. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  5. ↑ Berry, John (2022-08-10). "Is the Bulldog the greatest ever? - Harnesslink" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  6. ↑ "Shadow Play | Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Fisher, Dan. "Bulldog Hanover: An Oral History". Standardbred Canada. Trot Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  8. 1 2 "Bulldog Hanover 'A Pleasant Surprise'". Standardbred Canada. January 13, 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  9. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover Tenacious In Victory". Standardbred Canada. October 17, 2020. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  10. ↑ Barnsdale, Nicholas (2021-08-29). "Grand Circuit action, NA Cup preps complete - Harnesslink" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  11. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover Ties Stakes Record". Standardbred Canada. November 5, 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  12. ↑ "2021 O'Brien Award Finalists Announced". Standardbred Canada. December 22, 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  13. ↑ "2021 O'Brien Award Winners Announced". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  14. ↑ "BULLDOG HANOVER TO BREED AND RACE IN 2022". www.seelsterfarms.com. 2021-11-25. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  15. ↑ "Linedrive Hanover Sets Canadian Record In Juravinski Cup". Standardbred Canada. May 22, 2022. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  16. 1 2 "22 Days That Changed Harness Racing". www.theharnessedge.ca. 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  17. ↑ Heyden, Bob (2022-07-06). "A brief history of the 1:46 miles". Harness Racing Update. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  18. 1 2 ""Records Are Made To Be Broken"". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  19. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover paces fastest mile ever in 1:45.4 - Harnesslink". 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  20. ↑ "Puslinch horse 'Bulldog Hanover' races to new world record". CTV News Kitchener. 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  21. ↑ "World-record holder Bulldog Hanover draws No. 6 spot for Breeders Crown Open Pace". The Globe and Mail. 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  22. ↑ Keith, Melissa (2022-11-09). "Bulldog Hanover: Ambassador without obligation". Harness Racing Update. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  23. ↑ Heyden, Bob (2022-07-20). "A sincere thank you to Bulldog Hanover and his entire team". Harness Racing Update. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  24. ↑ "Bulldog! It's all Bulldog! - Harnesslink". 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  25. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover wins 2022 Dan Patch Stakes – U.S. Trotting News" . Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  26. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover makes more history in $650,000 Canadian Pacing Derby - Harnesslink". 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  27. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover puts on a show in richest night of horse racing in Ohio history". Dayton Daily News. 2022-10-03. pp. C1, C6. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  28. ↑ "Malathaat prevails in battle of champions in Juddmonte Spinster at Keeneland". Lexington Herald-Leader. 2022-10-11. pp. B2. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  29. ↑ "Star power at Mohawk Park". torontosun. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  30. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover gets his crown - Harnesslink". 2022-10-30. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  31. ↑ Weingartner, Ken (November 26, 2022). "Meadowlands: Bulldog Hanover goes out a winner in TVG Open Pace final". www.drf.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  32. ↑ "Harness: Bulldog Hanover wins Stan Bergstein-Proximity Award from USHWA". www.drf.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  33. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover unanimous Older Pacer of the Year - Harnesslink". 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  34. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover Night At The O'Brien Awards". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  35. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover earns harness racing's top honor". ESPN.com. 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  36. ↑ "World-record holder Bulldog Hanover captures 2022 Cam Fella Award". thecanadianpressnews.ca. January 19, 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  37. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover is harness racing's first unanimous top pick". AP NEWS. 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  38. ↑ "Standardbred Driver Chris Christoforou, Standardbred Male Horse Bulldog Hanover as well as Thoroughbred Builder R. Glenn Sikura and Thoroughbred Male Horse Pink Lloyd, among eight inductees named to Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame Class of 2023 | Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame" . Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  39. ↑ "Harness Racing - USTA Stallion Registry - United States Trotting Association". stars.ustrotting.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  40. ↑ "Stud fee set for Bulldog Hanover in 2023 - Harnesslink". 2022-11-25. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  41. ↑ "Harness: Bulldog Hanover book full and closed". www.drf.com. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  42. ↑ "Bulldog Hanover's First Foal Arrives". Standardbred Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.