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The Business Anti-Corruption Portal (BACP) is a source for business anti-corruption information offering tools on how to mitigate risks and costs of corruption when doing business abroad. [1] All the information on the Portal is produced by GAN Integrity Solutions, a Denmark-based IT & Professional Services firm. The Portal was established in 2006 and is supported by the European Commission and a number of European governments.
The BACP is referred to by several government and non-government organisations, amongst others, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the OECD Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC), and the World Bank. In addition, the BACP is the only externally cited tool for anti-corruption risk assessment in the UK Bribery Act 2010 Quick Start Guide. [2] The BACP is listed in the UN Global Compact Anti-Corruption Tools Inventory as an effective resource to help companies address and implement the 10th principle: "Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery."
The Business Anti-Corruption Portal is funded by five European governments and the EU Commission. The five governments are:
The BACP offers relevant business analysis of corruption risks and legislative framework in over 100 countries across 6 regions: Europe & Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia & the Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle-East & North Africa, and the Americas. The 33 European country profiles are funded with financial support from the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme by the European Commission. Each country profile contains the following information:
All the information and sources used for creating the country profiles are publicly available, and the team behind GAN Integrity Solutions updates the country profiles at least once a year. Other tools and information on the Portal are also maintained and updated on regular basis.
The Portal offers a number of tools that help companies to effectively manage corruption risk, such as:
The Group of States against Corruption, the Council of Europe’s anti-corruption monitoring body with its Headquarters in Strasbourg (France), was established, in 1999, as an enlarged Partial Agreement by 17 Council of Europe member States.
The Bribery Act 2010 (c.23) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that covers the criminal law relating to bribery. Introduced to Parliament in the Queen's Speech in 2009 after several decades of reports and draft bills, the Act received the Royal Assent on 8 April 2010 following cross-party support. Initially scheduled to enter into force in April 2010, this was changed to 1 July 2011. The Act repeals all previous statutory and common law provisions in relation to bribery, instead replacing them with the crimes of bribery, being bribed, the bribery of foreign public officials, and the failure of a commercial organisation to prevent bribery on its behalf.
Integrity management consulting is an emerging sector of consultancy that advises individuals and corporations on how to apply the highest ethical standards to every aspect of their business. Integrity within a corporate set up is a holistic approach that makes prudent and ethical decisions not only relating to finance but other areas as well, which include operations, marketing, human resources as well as manufacturing by adhering to the highest standards of product quality, open and clear communication and transparency in all operations as well as relationships. At the core of integrity management is the belief that companies have a strong interest, as well as a responsibility, to act with integrity at all times. This field arose in response to:
Corruption in the Republic of the Philippines has a widespread problem in the country for a long period of time with evidence suggesting that corruption may have been developed during the Spanish colonial administration. According to GAN Integrity's Philippines Corruption Report updated May 2020, the Philippines suffer from many incidents of corruption and crime in many aspects of civic life and in various sectors. Such corruption risks are rampant throughout the state's judicial system, police service, public services, land administration, and natural resources. Examples of corruption in the Philippines include graft, bribery, favouritism, nepotism, impunity, embezzlement, extortion, racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, lack of transparency, lack of sufficient enforcement of laws and government policies, and consistent lack of support for human rights.
Corruption in France describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in France.
Corruption in Romania is considered a major problem. According to Transparency International's annual Corruption Perceptions Index, as of 2020, Romania is the 69th least corrupt country out of 180 countries, up from 70th place in 2018, and the third most corrupt in the European Union. In the 2014 EU Anti-Corruption Report, 57% of the Romanians were most likely to say they are personally affected by corruption. Corruption can be found both in the public sector and in private businesses, and poses concerns for foreign investors. Although there have been improvements since the late 1990s, corruption remains a problem in Romania as it is especially found on all levels of public office, in the police force as well as in the judiciary system.
Corruption in Poland is below the world average but not insignificant. Within Poland, surveys of Polish citizens reveal that it is perceived to be a major problem.
Corruption in Sweden has been defined as "the abuse of power" by Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brå). By receiving bribes, bribe takers abuse their position of power, which is consistent with how the National Anti-Corruption Unit of the Swedish Prosecution Authority specifies the term. Although bribes and improper rewards are central in the definition of corruption in Sweden, corruption in the sense of "abuse of power" can also manifest itself in other crimes such as misuse of office, embezzlement, fraud and breach of trust against a principal.
Corruption in Switzerland describes the prevention and occurrence of corruption in Switzerland.
In 2013, a report by Transparency International revealed that political parties, Parliament, the judiciary and the military are the most corrupt institutions in Portugal. Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perception Index ranks the country 29th place out of 180 countries.
Corruption is rare in the Netherlands in all major areas—judiciary, police, business, politics—as the country is considered one of the least corrupt within the European Union. In the 2017 edition of Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, the Netherlands ranked the 8th least corrupt country worldwide.
Corruption in the Czech Republic is considered to be widespread by a majority of the Czech public, according to Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer 2013.
In recent years, Montenegro has increased its efforts to implement preventive and legislative measures needed to curb corruption. For example, anti-bribery provisions in the Criminal Code, as well as laws on money laundering, conflict of interest, access to information, and political funding have all been strengthened, while awareness-raising activities and training of public officials in integrity standards have been intensified.
It is estimated that Tunisia lost more than US$1 billion per year between 2000 and 2008 due to corruption, bribery, kickbacks, trade mispricing and criminal activities.
Corruption in Georgia had been an issue in the post-Soviet decades. Before the 2003 Rose Revolution, according to Foreign Policy, Georgia was among the most corrupt nations in all Eurasia. The level of corruption abated dramatically, however, after the revolution. In 2010, Transparency International (TI) said that Georgia was "the best corruption-buster in the world." Low-level corruption has been virtually eliminated in recent years. Transparency International's 2017 Corruption Perception Index ranks the country 46th place out of 180 countries.
As "a tool for preventing corruption in public contracting", an Integrity Pact is a multi-party agreement entered into by a public body seeking to procure goods and services of significant value, the companies interested in bidding to supply the goods and services, and a third party organisation such as a civil society organisation who will have a role in monitoring compliance with the pact.
Corruption in Azerbaijan is considered high and occurs at all levels of government. In Transparency International's 2020 Corruption Perception Index Azerbaijan was ranked 129th worst among 180 evaluated countries, compared to 45 for Georgia 60 for Armenia. In the Azerbaijani laundromat money-laundering scheme, $2.9 billion was paid to foreign politicians and Azerbaijani elites by companies linked to Azerbaijani ruler Ilham Aliyev, government ministries, and the International Bank of Azerbaijan between 2012 and 2014. Azerbaijan is a member of Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO) and OECD's Anti-Corruption Network.
Anti-corruption comprise activities that oppose or inhibit corruption. Just as corruption takes many forms, anti-corruption efforts vary in scope and in strategy. A general distinction between preventive and reactive measures is sometimes drawn. In such framework, investigative authorities and their attempts to unveil corrupt practices would be considered reactive, while education on the negative impact of corruption, or firm-internal compliance programs are classified as the former.
The Basel Institute on Governance is an independent, international non-profit organisation dedicated to preventing and combating corruption and other financial crimes and to strengthening governance around the world. The organisation was established in Basel, Switzerland in 2003 by Professor Mark Pieth.
Maritime anti-corruption initiatives have emerged in the last decade as a response to the growing threat of transnational corruption in the maritime domain, specifically the shipping industry. While historically, national authorities would handle corruption domestically, the increasingly international nature of shipping and corruption have led private and public actors to engage in collective action initiatives, typically manifesting through the work of the Maritime Anti-Corruption Network.
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