Caledonia was built in 1807 in Chester. She sailed as a letter of marqueWest Indiaman, trading between England and Demerara. She captured or recaptured two vessels, and in 1812 repelled an attack by a US privateer in a single ship action. In 1833, she made a voyage to India, sailing under one of the last licences that the British East India Company (EIC) issued before it gave up its shipping activities. Caledonia then continued to trade with India, Africa, and Peru. She suffered a maritime incident in 1840. She was condemned after having returned to Lima in April 1846 in a highly leaky state.
Caledonia was launched on 1 October 1807 from the Chester shipyard of Carson, Forbes, Cortney & Company and first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1807.[1][4] Captain John Thomson acquired a letter of marque on 4 November 1807.[2]
Year
Master
Owner
Trade
Source
1807
Thompson
M'Inroy
Greenock–Demerara
LR
Caledonia, under Captain Thompson, sailed from Glasgow for Demerara on 19 December 1807[5] En route, Thompson detained the full-rigged ship Neutrality,[a] Ellison, master, which was coming from Vera Cruz, Mexico and reported to be worth £120,000, including £100,000 of specie, destined for London and mostly insured at Lloyd's. As Neutrality was waterlogged, she was abandoned and soon foundered, and Caledonia put back to Kinsale.[8][6]
After resuming her voyage to Demerara, on 28 January 1808 Caledonia, when in the latitude of Madeira, was chased by six unidentified vessels, including a two-deck warship, but outran them and arrived at Demerara 22 days out from Kinsale.[9] Thompson recaptured off the Cayenne River the British ship Olive Branch, which had been sailing from London to Berbice, British Guiana when a French privateer had captured her and taken her to Cayenne, French Guiana. Olive Branch was brought to Demerara.[6][10]
On 18 October 1808 Caledonia was in the Mersey, preparing to leave for Demerara, when she had to cut her cables and get under weigh to escape a gale. She was resupplied the next day and was safe at anchor.[11]
On 9 November Caledonia, Thompson, master, was "all well" at 43°20′N27°00′W / 43.333°N 27.000°W / 43.333; -27.000 on her way from Liverpool to Demerara. She boarded the schooner Amity, from Newfoundland to Lisbon. A sea in a heavy gale had struck Amity and washed her boats and everything from her deck.[12]
Year
Master
Owner
Trade
Source
1812
Thompson Cameron
M'Inroy
Greenock–Demerara
LR
Captain John Cameron acquired a letter of marque on 19 December 1811.[2] He had captained Caledonia before then. He had returned from Demerara to Liverpool, arriving on 25 June 1812 with sugar, rum, and bales of cotton.
On 2 November 1812 Caledonia, Cameron, master, as to windward of Demerara, on her way there from Liverpool. She encountered the US privateer Retaliation and an engagement ensued. Eventually, Retaliation, much damaged, withdrew to the mouth of the Orinocco River, where she watered and underwent repairs. On 10 November, Retaliation sailed to cruise off Berbice.[b]
Year
Master
Owner
Trade
Source & notes
1813
Cameron Thompson
Sanbach
Liverpool–Demerara
LR
1818
Tyrer
Sanbach & Co.
Liverpool–Demerara
LR; large repair 1817
1822
D.Tyler D.Tyrer
Sanbach & Co.
Liverpool–Demerara
LR; large repair 1817
1823
D.Tyrer J.Bispham
Sanbach & Co.
Liverpool–Demerara
LR; large repair 1817, small repairs 1821, & thorough repair 1823
On 7 February 1825, as Caledonia, Bispham, master, was endeavouring to go to sea, she missed her stays and grounded on the North Bank. She rested there till the morning tide the next day when a steam tug got her off. She came into the Princes Dock Basin. Her cargo was being unloaded and it was expected that the dry cargo was undamaged. She had six feet of water in her hold and gave the appearance of being broken.[16] By one report the accident occurred as Caledonia tried to avoid running into a sloop ahead of her. Columbia was not broken and returned to the Demerara trade.
In 1832 Caledonia returned from Bombay with 2494 bales and 180 half-bales of cotton, 1000 bags of pepper, 16 bags of cowries, 6585 deer horns, and 10 bags of mother-of-pearl shells.
Year
Master
Owner
Trade
Sources & Notes
1836
T.Stroyan
Sir J.Tobin
Liverpool–Bombay
LR; almost rebuilt 1831
1841
J.Stroyan Lawson
Bold & Co.
Liverpool Liverpool–Bombay
LR; almost rebuilt 1831 & small repairs 1840
On 2 July 1840 Caledonia, Stroyan, master, put into Mauritius. A gale had cost her her rudder and left her leaky. She then had to unload her cargo. In subsequent voyages under Captain Lawson, Caledonia visited both Calcutta and China.
Year
Master
Owner
Trade
Sources & Notes
1843
Lawson Bibby
Bold & Co.
Liverpool–Bombay
LR; almost rebuilt 1831 & small repairs 1840
1844
Bibby Cumming
Bold & Co.
Liverpool–Bombay Liverpool–Lima
LR; almost rebuilt 1831 & small repairs 1840
Fate
On 9 March 1846 Caledonia, Cumming, master, sailed from Lima, bound for Liverpool. On 11 March she returned to Lima, very leaky, with water entering at a rate of 10 inches per hour.[17] She was subsequently condemned.[18]Caledonia was last listed in 1847.
Notes
↑Some describe her as Danish;[6] Lloyd's Register has "D.P." (Dutch Prize), 335 tons, master H Elliesen[7]
↑One source describes Retaliation as a brig of 194 tons (bm), seven guns, and 114 men under the command of Captain Samuel Newson.[13] Another source describes her as a schooner, of New York, armed with six guns and having a crew of 100 men under Newson's command.[14] On this cruise Retaliation captured two prizes that she sent to the United States; both arrived.[13] During the engagement with Caledonia, Captain Hill, of the sloop Retrieve, was a prisoner aboard Retaliation, together with his crew. After Retaliation sailed off to effect repairs and replenish her water, Newsom plundered Retrieve of some articles before returning her to Hill. Retrieve then came into Bridgetown, Barbados.[15]
↑"From Lloyd's List". Caledonian Mercury. No.19579. Edinburgh. 11 June 1846. p.4. Retrieved 8 December 2022– via British Newspaper Archive.
↑"Shipping Intelligence". Liverpool Mail. No.1157, Vol.XVII. 13 June 1846. p.7. Retrieved 8 December 2022– via British Newspaper Archive.
References
Emmons, George Foster (1853). The navy of the United States, from the commencement, 1775 to 1853; with a brief history of each vessel's service and fate ... Comp. by Lieut. George F. Emmons ... under the authority of the Navy Dept. To which is added a list of private armed vessels, fitted out under the American flag ... also a list of the revenue and coast survey vessels, and principal ocean steamers, belonging to citizens of the United States in 1850. Washington: Gideon & Co.
Hackman, Rowan (2001). Ships of the East India Company. Gravesend, Kent: World Ship Society. ISBN0-905617-96-7.
Kert, Faye M. (2015). Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.72. ISBN9781421417479.
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