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A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.
Waldport is a city in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,033 at the 2010 census. The city is located on the Alsea River and Alsea Bay, 15 miles (24 km) south of Newport and 8 miles (13 km) north of Yachats.
William "Bill" Everson, also known as Brother Antoninus, was an American poet, literary critic, teacher and small press printer. He was a member of the San Francisco Renaissance.
Archibald McColl Learmond Baxter was a New Zealand socialist, pacifist and conscientious objector.
The Center on Conscience & War (CCW) is a United States non-profit anti-war organization located in Washington, D.C., dedicated to defending and extending the rights of conscientious objectors. The group participates in the G.I. Rights Hotline, and works against all forms of conscription. There are no charges for any of CCW's services.
The Civilian Public Service (CPS) was a program of the United States government that provided conscientious objectors with an alternative to military service during World War II. From 1941 to 1947, nearly 12,000 draftees, willing to serve their country in some capacity but unwilling to perform any type of military service, accepted assignments in "work of national importance" in 152 CPS camps throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. Draftees from the historic peace churches and other faiths worked in areas such as soil conservation, forestry, fire fighting, agriculture, under the supervision of such agencies as the U.S. Forest Service, the Soil Conservation Service, and the National Park Service. Others helped provide social services and mental health services.
The Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) was a United States nonprofit organization dedicated to helping people avoid or resist military conscription or seek discharge after voluntary enlistment. It was active in supporting conscientious objectors ("CO's"), war resisters, and draft evaders during the Vietnam War. Founded in Philadelphia in 1948 and dissolved in 2011, CCCO emphasized the needs of secular and activist COs, while other organizations supporting COs principally focused on religious objectors and/or legislative reform and government relations.
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The Untide Press, founded in 1943, attempted to bring poetry to the public in an inexpensive but attractive format. It was founded by writer William Everson, architect and printer Kemper Nomland, actor Kermit Sheets and editor / librarian William Eshelman, in a camp of conscientious objectors in Waldport, Oregon in 1943. The name was a challenge to the official camp magazine the Tide Press. Camp Angel was a Civilian Public Service (CPS) camp, one of many camps across the United States where conscientious objectors were given unpaid jobs of "national importance" as a substitute for World War II military service. Camp Angel was unique as the only Fine Arts Program camp in the entire CPS system.
Glenn Stemmons Coffield was an American poet and conscientious objector. He was born in Prescott, Arizona, and received a B.S. degree in education from Central Missouri State Teachers College in 1940. During World War II, he served in Civilian Public Service (CPS) Camp #7 in Magnolia, Arkansas, and then was transferred to the Camp Angel CPS camp near Waldport, Oregon in 1942. Coffield is sometimes called Oregon's first hippie.
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Camp Paxson Boy Scout Camp, located on the western shore of Seeley Lake, Lolo National Forest, Montana, is on the National Register of Historic Places. It started out as a summer camp for the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), and is named in honor of Montana western painter Edgar Samuel Paxson. The United States Forest Service granted the Western Montana Council of the BSA permission to build a summer camp, originally with six small 12x24' clapboard structures and tents on just 4 acres (1.6 ha), in 1924. The camp was expanded beginning in October 1939, with more facilities constructed by the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The camp was completed in 1940 on 6.7 acres (2.7 ha) under the supervision of Forest Service engineer Clyde Fickes.
Conscientious objection in the United States is based on the Military Selective Service Act, which delegates its implementation to the Selective Service System. Conscientious objection is also recognized by the Department of Defense.
William Fifield (1916–1987) was an American writer of novels, nonfiction, essays and short stories.
The Patapsco Camp or the CPS Camp No. 3 was a Civilian Public Service camp established during World War II for conscientious objectors. Located at the Patapsco Valley State Park near Baltimore, the site was the first Civilian Public Service camp for conscientious objectors in the United States.
References
- 1 2 "Untide Press". Oregon Encyclopedia Project. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ↑ Greg Adams (August 13, 2009). "Eight Oregon books you haven't read (but should write) 7. Camp Angel". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ↑ "Scope and Content". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ↑ Katrine Barber; Eliza Elkins Jones. ""The Utmost Human Consequence" Art and Peace on the Oregon Coast, 1942–1946". Oregon Historical Quarterly. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ↑ "Guide to the Kemper Nomland Collection 1942-1994". Northwest Digital Archives (NWDA). Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ↑ "Fine Literature of the 19th and 20th Centuries" (PDF). PBA Galleries. October 22, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ↑ "Footprints of Pacifism: The Creative Lives of Kemper Nomland & Kermit Sheets". Lewis & Clark College. February–July 2007. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ↑ "Imprint: Oregon" (PDF). Fall 1978 – Spring 1979. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ↑ Philip Metres (2007). Behind the lines: war resistance poetry on the American homefront since 1941 . University of Iowa Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-87745-998-9.
Further reading
- Siuslaw National Forest; History Department; Portland State University. "Camp 56: An Oral History Project: World War II Conscientious Objectors and the Waldport, Oregon Civilian Public Service Camp" (PDF). Center for Columbia River History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2013-08-15.