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Galician–Portuguese, also known as Old Galician–Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese, Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the Galician, Fala, and Portuguese languages.
A chansonnier is a manuscript or printed book which contains a collection of chansons, or polyphonic and monophonic settings of songs, hence literally "song-books"; however, some manuscripts are called chansonniers even though they preserve the text but not the music, for example, the Cancioneiro da Vaticana and Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, which contain the bulk of Galician-Portuguese lyrics.
Natália de Oliveira Correia, GOSE, GOL was a Portuguese intellectual, poet and social activist, as well as the author of the official lyrics of the "Hino dos Açores", the regional anthem of the Autonomous Region of the Azores. Her work spanned various genres of Portuguese media and she collaborated with many Portuguese and international figures. A member of the Portuguese National Assembly (1980–1991), she regularly intervened politically on behalf of the arts and culture, in the defense of human rights and women's rights. Along with José Saramago, Armindo Magalhães, Manuel da Fonseca and Urbano Tavares Rodrigues, she helped create the FNDC, Frente Nacional para a Defesa da Cultura. She was a central figure in the artistic scene, who met with peoples central to Portuguese culture and literature in the 1950s and 1960s. Her works have been translated into various languages.
Martin Codax or Codaz, Martín Codax or Martim Codax was a Galician medieval joglar, possibly from Vigo, Galicia in present-day Spain. He may have been active during the middle of the thirteenth century, judging from scriptological analysis. He is one of only two out of a total of 88 authors of cantigas d'amigo who used only the archaic strophic form aaB. He employed an archaic rhyme scheme whereby i~o / a~o were used in alternating strophes. In addition Martin Codax consistently utilised a strict parallelistic technique known as leixa-pren. There is no documentary biographical information concerning the poet, dating the work at present remains based on theoretical analysis of the text.
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Portugal has a long music history, beginning around the year 600 C.E, which accompanied and strongly contributed to the development of the music history in Europe.
Cantiga de amigo or cantiga d'amigo, literally "friend song", is a genre of medieval lyric poetry, more specifically the Galician-Portuguese lyric, apparently rooted in a female-voiced song tradition native to the northwest quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula.
João Zorro was a late 13th century Galician or Portuguese minstrel at the court of Afonso III of Portugal, or as it is most likely at the court of Denis of Portugal. He is noted for his 10 cantigas de amigo about ancient sailors, written on the eve of the great voyages of discovery. Like most similar cantigas de amigo of his time, the musical notation wasn't recorded.
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The Cancioneiro Musical de Belém or simply Cancioneiro de Belém is a Portuguese Renaissance manuscript from the beginning of the 17th century.
Augusto Carlos Teixeira de AragãoComA • CavC • CavA • CavTE was a Portuguese officer, doctor, numismatist, archaeologist and historian. As an officer of the Portuguese army, he retired with the rank of general. Teixeira de Aragão is considered one of the "fathers" of Portuguese numismatics.
Caralho is a vulgar Portuguese-language word with a variety of meanings and uses. Literally, it is a noun referring to the penis, similar to English dick, but it is also used as an interjection expressing surprise, admiration, or dismay in both negative and positive senses in the same way as fuck in English. Caralho is also used in the intensifiers para caralho, placed after adjectives and sometimes adverbs and nouns to mean "very much" or "lots of", and do caralho, both of which are equivalent to the English vulgarities fucking and as fuck.
María de las Mercedes Brea López, born in Estrada on 31 May 1950, is a Galician philologist in the department of Romance Philology at the University of Santiago de Compostela.
Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer (Portuguese), cantiga de escarnio e maldicir (Galician) or cantigas d'escarnho e de maldizer (Galician-Portuguese), are poems of insult, mockery and scorn – nearly always with comic intent - which constitute one of the three main genres of medieval Galician-Portuguese lyric.
References
- Rip Cohen. 500 Cantigas d’Amigo, edição crítica/critical edition. Porto: Campo das Letras, 2003.
- Giulia Lanciani and Giuseppe Tavani (edd.). Dicionário da Literatura Medieval Galega e Portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.
- Manuel Pedro Ferreira. O Som de Martin Codax. Sobre a dimensão musical da lírica galego-portuguesa (séculos XII-XIV). Lisbon: UNISYS/ Imprensa Nacional – Casa de Moeda, 1986.
- Manuel Pedro Ferreira. Cantus Coronatus: 7 Cantigas d’El Rei Dom Dinis. Kassel: Reichenberger, 2005.
- Manuel Rodrigues Lapa. Cantigas d’escarnho e de mal dizer dos cancioneiros medievais galego-portugueses, edição crítica. 2nd ed. Vigo: Editorial Galaxia, 1970.
- Walter Mettmann. Afonso X, o Sabio. Cantigas de Santa Maria. 4 vols. Coimbra: Por ordem da Universidade, 1959–72 (rpt. Vigo: Ediçóns Xerais de Galicia, 1981).
- Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos. Cancioneiro da Ajuda, edição critica e commentada. 2 vols. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer, 1904 (rpt. with Michaëlis 1920, Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional – Casa de Moeda, 1990).
- Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos. “Glossário do Cancioneiro da Ajuda”. Revista Lusitana (1920) 23: 1–95.
- José Joaquim Nunes. Cantigas d’amor dos trovadores galego-portugueses. Edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1932 (rpt. Lisbon: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1972).
- Jack Sage. "Cantiga", Grove Music Online , ed. L. Macy (accessed September 17, 2006), grovemusic.com Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine (subscription access).
- Giuseppe Tavani. Trovadores e Jograis: Introdução à poesia medieval galego-portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho. 2002.