Carolina de Weerth

Last updated November 02, 2025

Carolina de Weerth is a Dutch professor of medical sciences and PI of the Developmental Psychobiology Lab at the Radboud University Medical Center ^[1]^[2]^[3] where she researches early childhood development. She obtained her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from University of Groningen where she researched infant stress.^[4] She found a relationship between colic and the gut microbiome,^[5] as well as a relationship between stress and pregnancies outcomes.^[6]^[7]^[8] Currently she's researching the effect of skin to skin contact and milk composition on the infant gut microbiome.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Bibliography

Eckermann, Henrik Andreas; Meijer, Jennifer; Cooijmans, Kelly; Lahti, Leo; de Weerth, Carolina (2024). "Daily skin-to-skin contact alters microbiota development in healthy full-term infants". Gut Microbes. 16 (1) 2295403. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2295403. ISSN 1949-0984. PMC 10793693 . PMID 38197254.
de Weerth, Carolina (December 2017). "Do bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis" . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 83: 458–471. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.016.
Missler, Marjolein A.; Van Straten, Annemieke; Denissen, Jaap J. A.; Donker, Tara; De Weerth, Carolina; Beijers, Roseriet (2021-07-01). "The first 12.5 years of parenthood: A latent trait-state occasion model of the longitudinal association between maternal distress and child internalizing and externalizing problems". Developmental Psychology. 57 (7): 1124–1135. doi:10.1037/DEV0001203. hdl: 1874/418891 . PMID 34435827. S2CID 237306852.
Hechler, Christine; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2018-07-01). "Are cortisol concentrations in human breast milk associated with infant crying?". Developmental Psychobiology. 60 (6): 639–650. doi:10.1002/DEV.21761. PMC 6120523 . PMID 29961271.
Harris, Vanessa; Ali, Asad; Fuentes, Susana; Korpela, Katri; Kazi, Momin; Tate, Jacqueline; Parashar, Umesh; Wiersinga, W. Joost; Giaquinto, Carlo; De Weerth, Carolina; De Vos, Willem M. (2017-09-29). "Rotavirus Vaccine Response Correlates with the Infant Gut Microbiota Composition in Pakistan". Gut Microbes. 9 (2): 93–101. doi:10.1080/19490976.2017.1376162. PMC 5989807 . PMID 28891751.
De Weerth, Carolina (2017-09-13). "Do bacteria shape our development? Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and HPA axis". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 83: 458–471. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2017.09.016. PMID 28918360. S2CID 40601114.
McGauran, Monica; Jordan, Brigid; Beijers, Roseriet; Janssen, Irma; Franich-Ray, Candice; De Weerth, Carolina; Cheung, Michael (2017-07-18). "Long-term alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children undergoing cardiac surgery in the first 6 months of life" (PDF). Stress. 20 (5): 505–512. doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1349748. PMID 28720027. S2CID 205671553.
Zijlmans, Maartje A. C.; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne J.; De Weerth, Carolina (2017-07-09). "Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children's health: a longitudinal study". Stress. 20 (5): 495–504. doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1348497. hdl: 2066/179054 . PMID 28691638.
Cooijmans, Kelly H. M.; Beijers, Roseriet; Rovers, Anne C.; De Weerth, Carolina (2017-07-06). "Effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact versus care-as-usual in mothers and their full-term infants: study protocol for a parallel-group randomized controlled trial". BMC Pediatrics. 17 (1): 154. doi: 10.1186/S12887-017-0906-9 . PMC 5501342 . PMID 28683833.
Simons, Sterre S. H.; Cillessen, Antonius H. N.; De Weerth, Carolina (2016-12-27). "Associations between circadian and stress response cortisol in children". Stress. 20 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1080/10253890.2016.1276165. hdl: 2066/167424 . PMID 28027684.
Harris, Vanessa C.; Armah, George; Fuentes, Susana; Korpela, Katri E.; Parashar, Umesh; Victor, John C.; Tate, Jacqueline; De Weerth, Carolina; Giaquinto, Carlo; Wiersinga, Willem Joost; Lewis, Kristen D C.; De Vos, Willem M. (2016-10-31). "Significant Correlation Between the Infant Gut Microbiome and Rotavirus Vaccine Response in Rural Ghana". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 215 (1): 34–41. doi:10.1093/INFDIS/JIW518. PMC 5225256 . PMID 27803175.
Simons, Sterre S.H.; Cillessen, Antonius H.N.; De Weerth, Carolina (2016-10-24). "Cortisol stress responses and children's behavioral functioning at school". Developmental Psychobiology. 59 (2): 217–224. doi:10.1002/DEV.21484. PMC 5324537 . PMID 27774583.
Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; Sebesta, Katharina; De Weerth, Carolina (2016-10-04). "Differential associations between behavioral and cortisol responses to a stressor in securely versus insecurely attached infants" (PDF). Behavioural Brain Research. 325 (Pt B): 147–155. doi:10.1016/J.BBR.2016.10.008. PMID 27717814. S2CID 4147407.
Albers, Esther M.; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; Sweep, Fred C.G. J.; De Weerth, Carolina (2015-10-12). "Cortisol levels of infants in center care across the first year of life: links with quality of care and infant temperament". Stress. 19 (1): 8–17. doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1089230. PMID 26455788.
Simons, Sterre S.H.; Beijers, Roseriet; Cillessen, Antonius H.N.; De Weerth, Carolina (2015-09-05). "Development of the cortisol circadian rhythm in the light of stress early in life" (PDF). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 62: 292–300. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2015.08.024. PMID 26352482. S2CID 13003093.
Cohen-Bendahan, Celina C.C.; Beijers, Roseriet; Van Doornen, Lorenz J.P.; De Weerth, Carolina (2015-08-17). "Explicit and implicit caregiving interests in expectant fathers: Do endogenous and exogenous oxytocin and vasopressin matter?" (PDF). Infant Behavior and Development. 41: 26–37. doi:10.1016/J.INFBEH.2015.06.007. PMID 26292177.
Zijlmans, Maartje A.C.; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2015-03-17). "Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations and child outcomes: A systematic review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 53: 1–24. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2015.02.015. PMID 25795521. S2CID 262421534.
Zijlmans, Maartje A.C.; Korpela, Katri; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Vos, Willem M.; De Weerth, Carolina (2015-01-19). "Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 53: 233–245. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2015.01.006. PMID 25638481. S2CID 8128183.
Sung, J.; Beijers, R.; Gartstein, M. A.; De Weerth, C.; Putnam, S. P. (2015-01-01). "Exploring temperamental differences in infants from the United States of America (US) and the Netherlands". European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 12 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1080/17405629.2014.937700. PMC 4241345 . PMID 25429303.
De Veld, Danielle M. J.; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2014-08-11). "Does the arrival index predict physiological stress reactivity in children". Stress. 17 (5): 383–388. doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.936004. PMID 24930802.
Beijers, Roseriet; Buitelaar, Jan K.; De Weerth, Carolina (2014-05-30). "Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: beyond the HPA axis" (PDF). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 23 (10): 943–956. doi:10.1007/S00787-014-0566-3. PMID 24875898. S2CID 20220888.
Van Strien, Tatjana; Ouwens, Machteld A.; Engel, Carmen; De Weerth, Carolina (2014-04-23). "Hunger, inhibitory control and distress-induced emotional eating". Appetite. 79: 124–133. doi:10.1016/J.APPET.2014.04.020. PMID 24768894. S2CID 17260188.
De Veld, Danielle M.J.; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2013-12-24). "The relation between gaze aversion and cortisol reactivity in middle childhood". Hormones and Behaviour. 65 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/J.YHBEH.2013.12.012. PMID 24370687. S2CID 25097536.
De Weerth, Carolina; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Beijers, Roseriet (2013-10-06). "Infant cortisol and behavioral habituation to weekly maternal separations: links with maternal prenatal cortisol and psychosocial stress". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (12): 2863–2874. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2013.07.014. hdl: 2066/125975 . PMID 24103888.
De Weerth, C.; Fuentes, S.; De Vos, W. M. (2013-08-09). "Crying in infants: on the possible role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colic". Gut Microbes. 4 (5): 416–421. doi:10.4161/GMIC.26041. PMC 3839988 . PMID 23941920.
Zijlmans, Maartje A. C.; Beijers, Roseriet; Mack, Simon; Pruessner, Jens C.; De Weerth, Carolina (2013-02-11). "Cortisol responses to social evaluation in 10- to 15-year-old boys and girls". Stress. 16 (4): 393–401. doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.764494. PMID 23398542. S2CID 23170777.
De Weerth, Carolina; Fuentes, Susana; Puylaert, Philippe; De Vos, Willem M. (2013-01-14). "Intestinal microbiota of infants with colic: development and specific signatures" (PDF). Pediatrics. 131 (2): e550-8. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2012-1449. PMID 23319531. S2CID 6901870.
Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2012-11-29). "Cortisol regulation in 12-month-old human infants: associations with the infants' early history of breastfeeding and co-sleeping". Stress. 16 (3): 267–277. doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.742057. PMID 23116166.
Van Strien, Tatjana; Roelofs, Karin; De Weerth, Carolina (2012-09-19). "Cortisol reactivity and distress-induced emotional eating" (PDF). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (5): 677–684. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2012.08.008. PMID 22999262. S2CID 2594575.
De Veld, Danielle M.J.; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2012-02-05). "The relation between emotion regulation strategies and physiological stress responses in middle childhood". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37 (8): 1309–1319. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2012.01.004. PMID 22309825.
De Graag, Jolien A.; Cox, Ralf F.A.; Hasselman, Fred; Jansen, Jarno; De Weerth, Carolina (2012-01-10). "Functioning within a relationship: mother-infant synchrony and infant sleep" (PDF). Infant Behavior and Development. 35 (2): 252–263. doi:10.1016/J.INFBEH.2011.12.006. PMID 22240013.
Beijers, Roseriet; Jansen, Jarno; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2011-11-01). "Attachment and infant night waking: a longitudinal study from birth through the first year of life". Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 32 (9): 635–643. doi:10.1097/DBP.0B013E318228888D. hdl:2066/99650. PMID 21743349. S2CID 30060857.
Peters, Ellen; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; Cillessen, Antonius H. N.; De Weerth, Carolina (2011-10-25). "Peer rejection and HPA activity in middle childhood: friendship makes a difference". Child Development. 82 (6): 1906–1920. doi:10.1111/J.1467-8624.2011.01647.X. PMID 22026414.
Van Strien, Tatjana; Herman, C. Peter; Anschutz, Doeschka J.; Engels, Rutger C.M.E.; De Weerth, Carolina (2011-10-15). "Moderation of distress-induced eating by emotional eating scores". Appetite. 58 (1): 277–284. doi:10.1016/J.APPET.2011.10.005. hdl:2066/102707. PMID 22037008. S2CID 205608974.
Beijers, Roseriet; Jansen, Jarno; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2010-10-08). "Nonparental care and infant health: do number of hours and number of concurrent arrangements matter?" (PDF). Early Human Development. 87 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2010.09.003. PMID 20934281.
Jansen, Jarno; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2010-07-28). "Does maternal care-giving behavior modulate the cortisol response to an acute stressor in 5-week-old human infants?" (PDF). Stress. 13 (6): 491–497. doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.483298. PMID 20666643. S2CID 5482125.
Beijers, Roseriet; Jansen, Jarno; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2010-07-19). "Maternal prenatal anxiety and stress predict infant illnesses and health complaints" (PDF). Pediatrics. 126 (2): e401-9. doi:10.1542/PEDS.2009-3226. PMID 20643724. S2CID 2560717.
Tollenaar, Marieke S.; Jansen, Jarno; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, J. Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2010-01-06). "Cortisol in the first year of life: normative values and intra-individual variability" (PDF). Early Human Development. 86 (1): 13–16. doi:10.1016/J.EARLHUMDEV.2009.12.003. PMID 20051312.
Jansen, Jarno; Beijers, Roseriet; Riksen-Walraven, Marianne; De Weerth, Carolina (2009-08-03). "Cortisol reactivity in young infants" (PDF). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35 (3): 329–338. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2009.07.008. PMID 19651476. S2CID 37645691.
De Bloom, Jessica; Kompier, Michiel; Geurts, Sabine; De Weerth, Carolina; Taris, Toon; Sonnentag, Sabine (2008-12-19). "Do we recover from vacation? Meta-analysis of vacation effects on health and well-being". Journal of Occupational Health. 51 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1539/JOH.K8004. PMID 19096200.
Albers, Esther M.; Marianne Riksen-Walraven, J.; Sweep, Fred C.G.J.; De Weerth, Carolina (2008-01-01). "Maternal behavior predicts infant cortisol recovery from a mild everyday stressor". The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 49 (1): 97–103. doi:10.1111/J.1469-7610.2007.01818.X. PMID 18181883.
De Weerth, Carolina; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2007-03-30). "Childbirth complications affect young infants' behavior". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 16 (6): 379–388. doi: 10.1007/S00787-007-0610-7 . PMID 17401610.
De Weerth, Carolina; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2005-10-01). "Cortisol awakening response in pregnant women". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30 (9): 902–907. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2005.05.003. PMID 15970390. S2CID 29400353.
Gutteling, Barbara M.; De Weerth, Carolina; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2005-07-01). "Prenatal stress and children's cortisol reaction to the first day of school" (PDF). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30 (6): 541–549. doi:10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2005.01.002. PMID 15808923. S2CID 5522247.
De Weerth, Carolina; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2005-04-01). "Physiological stress reactivity in human pregnancy--a review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 29 (2): 295–312. doi:10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2004.10.005. PMID 15811500. S2CID 965573.
Gutteling, Barbara M.; De Weerth, Carolina; Willemsen-Swinkels, Sophie H. N.; Huizink, Anja C.; Mulder, Eduard J. H.; Visser, Gerard H. A.; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2005-02-01). "The effects of prenatal stress on temperament and problem behavior of 27-month-old toddlers" (PDF). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 14 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1007/S00787-005-0435-1. PMID 15756515. S2CID 22170605.
Gutteling, B. M.; De Weerth, C.; Buitelaar, J. K. (2004-12-01). "Maternal prenatal stress and 4-6 year old children's salivary cortisol concentrations pre- and post-vaccination" (PDF). Stress. 7 (4): 257–260. doi:10.1080/10253890500044521. hdl:2066/54819. PMID 16019591. S2CID 38412082.
De Weerth, Carolina; Van Hees, Yvonne; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2003-11-01). "Prenatal maternal cortisol levels and infant behavior during the first 5 months" (PDF). Early Human Development. 74 (2): 139–151. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(03)00088-4. hdl:2066/63167. PMID 14580753. S2CID 14382104.
De Weerth, Carolina; Zijl, Robbert H.; Buitelaar, Jan K. (2003-08-01). "Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy". Early Human Development. 73 (1–2): 39–52. doi:10.1016/S0378-3782(03)00074-4. PMID 12932892.
Thijssen, Jos H H.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Graat, Gerard; De Weerth, Carolina (2003-04-01). "Measurement of cortisol in small quantities of saliva". Clinical Chemistry. 49 (4): 658–660. doi:10.1373/49.4.658. PMID 12651822.

References

↑ "DPB LAB". DPB LAB. 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
↑ "Prof. C. de Weerth (Carolina) | Radboud University". www.ru.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
↑ "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 2024-12-29.
↑ "Are Sleep Regressions Real? - The New York Times". The New York Times . 2020-04-16. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
↑ Rettner, Rachael (2013-01-16). "Colicky Babies May Have Wrong Bacteria". livescience.com. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
↑ "Why are Americans getting shorter?". www.wbur.org. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
↑ "Wat is beter, je baby op de crèche of thuis? Experts geven antwoord" . Retrieved 2024-12-28.
↑ "Why are Americans getting shorter?". www.wbur.org. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2025-10-06.
↑ Borewicz, Klaudyna; Suarez-Diez, Maria; Hechler, Christine; Beijers, Roseriet; de Weerth, Carolina; Arts, Ilja; Penders, John; Thijs, Carel; Nauta, Arjen; Lindner, Cordula; Van Leusen, Ellen; Vaughan, Elaine E.; Smidt, Hauke (2019-02-21). "The effect of prebiotic fortified infant formulas on microbiota composition and dynamics in early life". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 2434. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.2434B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38268-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6385197 . PMID 30792412.
↑ Hermes, Gerben D. A.; Eckermann, Henrik A.; de Vos, Willem M.; de Weerth, Carolina (2020-06-24). "Does entry to center-based childcare affect gut microbial colonization in young infants?". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10235. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010235H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66404-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7314774 . PMID 32581284.
↑ Browne, Pamela D.; Aparicio, Marina; Alba, Claudio; Hechler, Christine; Beijers, Roseriet; Rodríguez, Juan Miguel; Fernández, Leonides; de Weerth, Carolina (2019-10-22). "Human Milk Microbiome and Maternal Postnatal Psychosocial Distress". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10 2333. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02333 . ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6817470 . PMID 31695687.

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[1] "DPB LAB". DPB LAB. 2023-11-17. Retrieved 2023-12-17.

[2] "Prof. C. de Weerth (Carolina) | Radboud University". www.ru.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-17.

[3] "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 2024-12-29.

[4] "Are Sleep Regressions Real? - The New York Times". The New York Times . 2020-04-16. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16. Retrieved 2024-12-28.

[5] Rettner, Rachael (2013-01-16). "Colicky Babies May Have Wrong Bacteria". livescience.com. Retrieved 2024-12-28.

[6] "Why are Americans getting shorter?". www.wbur.org. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-12-28.

[7] "Wat is beter, je baby op de crèche of thuis? Experts geven antwoord" . Retrieved 2024-12-28.

[8] "Why are Americans getting shorter?". www.wbur.org. 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2025-10-06.

[9] Borewicz, Klaudyna; Suarez-Diez, Maria; Hechler, Christine; Beijers, Roseriet; de Weerth, Carolina; Arts, Ilja; Penders, John; Thijs, Carel; Nauta, Arjen; Lindner, Cordula; Van Leusen, Ellen; Vaughan, Elaine E.; Smidt, Hauke (2019-02-21). "The effect of prebiotic fortified infant formulas on microbiota composition and dynamics in early life". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 2434. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.2434B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38268-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6385197 . PMID 30792412.

[10] Hermes, Gerben D. A.; Eckermann, Henrik A.; de Vos, Willem M.; de Weerth, Carolina (2020-06-24). "Does entry to center-based childcare affect gut microbial colonization in young infants?". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10235. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010235H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66404-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7314774 . PMID 32581284.

[11] Browne, Pamela D.; Aparicio, Marina; Alba, Claudio; Hechler, Christine; Beijers, Roseriet; Rodríguez, Juan Miguel; Fernández, Leonides; de Weerth, Carolina (2019-10-22). "Human Milk Microbiome and Maternal Postnatal Psychosocial Distress". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10 2333. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02333 . ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6817470 . PMID 31695687.

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