Central nucleus of the amygdala

Central nucleus of the amygdala
Identifiers
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_2682
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [ edit on Wikidata]

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA or aCeN) is a nucleus within the amygdala. ^{[1] [2]} It serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing pain information. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

CeA connects with brainstem areas that control the expression of innate behaviors and associated physiological responses. ^[7]

CeA is responsible for autonomic components of emotions (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem. The CeA is also responsible for conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and prefrontal cortex. ^[8]

Amygdala subdividisions and outputs

Inputs and outputs of the rodent central amygdala

The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals. ^[9] Among these nuclei are the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the central nucleus. The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei. ^{[10] [ self-published source? ] [11]}

Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Amygdala is shown in purple.

The amygdalofugal pathway (Latin for "fleeing from the amygdala" and commonly distinguished as the ventral amygdalofugal pathway) is one of the three principal pathways by which fibers leave the amygdala. The other main efferent pathways from the amygdala are the stria terminalis and anterior commissure. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala. ^[12]

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway carries output from the central and basolateral nuclei and delivers it to a number of targets; namely, the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the basal forebrain, the brain stem, septal nuclei and nucleus accumbens. ^[13]

Research

• "psychological stressor induced an increase in both CRH mRNA levels and CRH content in the CEA. Exposure to the psychological stressor also caused a significant increase in CRH mRNA levels with a trend for an increase in CRH content in the dorsolateral subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) which is anatomically associated with the CEA." ^[14]
• "oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance" ^[15]
• "the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its connections with the nigral dopamine system have been reported to modulate cognitive processes dependent substantially on attentional allocation. CeA dopamine function is involved in modulation of disengagement behavior." ^[16]
• "Opioid mechanisms are involved in the control of water and NaCl intake and opioid receptors (ORs) are present in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)" μ-opioid receptors "in the CeA increases hypertonic sodium intake, whereas antagonizing these sites inhibits hypertonic sodium intake. …μ-ORs in the CeA in a positive regulation of sodium intake." ^[17]
• CeA "is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining" ^[18]
• "glucocorticoids can facilitate CRH mRNA expression in the CEA, a site implicated in anxiety and fear" ^[19]
• Neuronal activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala was found to be a critical brain substrate for incubation of methamphetamine craving as well as neurobiological responses to ethanol. ^{[3] [20] [21] [22]}
• Neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala were found to respond to, and control, predatory hunting. ^[23]

See also

• Fear conditioning
• Intercalated cells of the amygdala

References

1. Keifer OP, Hurt RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ (September 2015). "The Physiology of Fear: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Central Amygdala in Fear Learning". Physiology. 30 (5): 389–401. doi:10.1152/physiol.00058.2014. PMC   4556826 . PMID   26328883.
2. Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Davidson RJ (June 2004). "The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (24): 5506–5515. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0292-04.2004. PMC   6729317 . PMID   15201323.
3. Companion MA, Gonzalez DA, Robinson SL, Herman MA, Thiele TE (2022-09-01). "Lateral habenula-projecting central amygdala circuits expressing GABA and NPY Y1 receptor modulate binge-like ethanol intake in mice". Addiction Neuroscience. 3: 100019. doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100019. ISSN   2772-3925. PMC   9435303 . PMID   36059430. S2CID   248484807.
4. Roberto M, Gilpin NW, Siggins GR (December 2012). "The central amygdala and alcohol: role of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and neuropeptides". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2 (12): a012195. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012195. PMC   3543070 . PMID   23085848.
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6. Hasanein P, Mirazi N, Javanmardi K (November 2008). "GABAA receptors in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) affect on pain modulation". Brain Research. 1241: 36–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.041. PMID   18838064. S2CID   46000492.
7. LeDoux JE (2008). "Amygdala". Scholarpedia . 3 (4): 2698. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.2698L. doi: 10.4249/scholarpedia.2698 .
8. Wright A. "Limbic System: Amygdala". In Byrne JH (ed.). Homeostasis and Higher Brain Function. Neuroscience Online. University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Archived from the original on 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
9. Bzdok D, Laird AR, Zilles K, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB (December 2013). "An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala". Human Brain Mapping. 34 (12): 3247–3266. doi:10.1002/hbm.22138. PMC   4801486 . PMID   22806915.
10. Best B (August 28, 2012). "The Amygdala and the Emotions". The Anatomical Basis of Mind. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007.
11. Solano-Castiella E, Anwander A, Lohmann G, Weiss M, Docherty C, Geyer S, et al. (February 2010). "Diffusion tensor imaging segments the human amygdala in vivo". NeuroImage. 49 (4): 2958–2965. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.027. hdl: 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-ABE5-F . PMID   19931398. S2CID   17137887.
12. Di Marino V, Etienne Y, Niddam M (2016). "Connection Pathways of the Cerebral Amygdala". The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex. pp. 49–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23243-0_6. ISBN   978-3-319-23242-3.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
13. Kamali A, Sair HI, Blitz AM, Riascos RF, Mirbagheri S, Keser Z, Hasan KM (September 2016). "Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography". Brain Structure & Function. 221 (7): 3561–3569. doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1119-3. PMID   26454651. S2CID   10456347.
14. Makino S, Shibasaki T, Yamauchi N, Nishioka T, Mimoto T, Wakabayashi I, et al. (December 1999). "Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat". Brain Research. 850 (1–2): 136–143. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02114-9. PMID   10629757. S2CID   21062798.
15. Margatho LO, Elias CF, Elias LL, Antunes-Rodrigues J (May 2013). "Oxytocin in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the neuroendocrine responses induced by hypertonic volume expansion in the rat". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 25 (5): 466–477. doi: 10.1111/jne.12021 . PMID   23331859. S2CID   5486765.
16. Smith ES, Geissler SA, Schallert T, Lee HJ (April 2013). "The role of central amygdala dopamine in disengagement behavior". Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 (2): 164–174. doi:10.1037/a0031043. PMID   23316710.
17. Yan J, Li J, Yan J, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen K, et al. (March 2013). "Activation of μ-opioid receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala induces hypertonic sodium intake". Neuroscience. 233: 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.026. PMID   23270855. S2CID   10806357.
18. Zimmerman JM, Rabinak CA, McLachlan IG, Maren S (September 2007). "The central nucleus of the amygdala is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining". Learning & Memory. 14 (9): 634–644. doi:10.1101/lm.607207. PMC   1994080 . PMID   17848503.
19. Makino S, Gold PW, Schulkin J (March 1994). "Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus". Brain Research. 640 (1–2): 105–112. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91862-7. PMID   8004437. S2CID   19853559.
20. Hyytiä P, Koob GF (September 1995). "GABAA receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 283 (1–3): 151–159. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00314-B. PMID   7498304.
21. Gilpin NW, Misra K, Herman MA, Cruz MT, Koob GF, Roberto M (June 2011). "Neuropeptide Y opposes alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release in amygdala and blocks the transition to alcohol dependence". Biological Psychiatry. 69 (11): 1091–1099. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.004. PMC   3090491 . PMID   21459365.
22. Li X, Zeric T, Kambhampati S, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (March 2015). "The central amygdala nucleus is critical for incubation of methamphetamine craving". Neuropsychopharmacology. 40 (5): 1297–1306. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.320. PMC   4367476 . PMID   25475163.
23. Han W, Tellez LA, Rangel MJ, Motta SC, Zhang X, Perez IO, Canteras NS, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, van den Pol AN, de Araujo IE (January 2017). "Integrated Control of Predatory Hunting by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala". Cell . 168 (1–2): 311–324.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.027. PMC   5278763 . PMID   28086095.