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Gary LaFree is a Professor and Chair of the Criminology and Criminal Justice department at the University of Maryland, College Park, the Director of the Maryland Crime Research and Innovation Center (MCRIC) and the Founding Director of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). His main areas of expertise are sociology, criminology, race and crime, cross-national comparative research and political violence and terrorism.
In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups, however, academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor neighborhoods, poor access to public and early education, and exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution. Racial housing segregation has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as blacks have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government and private actors. Various explanations within criminology have been proposed for racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.
In sociology, the social disorganization theory is a theory developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The theory directly links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory that states location matters. In other words, a person's residential location is a substantial factor shaping the likelihood that that person will become involved in illegal activities. The theory suggests that, among determinants of a person's later illegal activity, residential location is as significant as or more significant than the person's individual characteristics. For example, the theory suggests that youths from disadvantaged neighborhoods participate in a subculture which approves of delinquency, and that these youths thus acquire criminality in this social and cultural setting.
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Carroll Seron is an American sociologist and Professor of Criminology, Law & Society at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). Her research focuses on legal organizations and professions. She has also studied gender disparities in engineering employment, arguing that they are due to gender bias in stereotypes and engineering culture.
John Robert Hipp is an American criminologist and professor in the department of Criminology, Law and Society at the University of California, Irvine. He is also the co-director, with Charis Kubrin, of the Irvine Lab for the Study of Space and Crime (ILSSC), as well as the director of UC Irvine's Metropolitan Futures Initiative. He has conducted multiple studies of unemployment and crime rates in and around Irvine, California, finding remarkably low rates of both there. His research has also shown that crime in Los Angeles tends to be intraracial, despite the fact that several exceptions received considerable media attention, and that immigration has not led to an increase in crime rates in Southern California.
2017 California Senate Bill 54, commonly referred to as "SB 54" and also known as the "California Values Act" is a 2017 California state law that prevents state and local law enforcement agencies from using their resources on behalf of federal immigration enforcement agencies. The law allows for cooperation between local, state and federal law enforcement in cases of violent illegal immigrants, and is often referred to as a "sanctuary law" due to its resemblance of sanctuary jurisdiction policies.
Gregory N. Washington is an American university professor and academic administrator. On July 1, 2020, he became the 8th president of George Mason University. Prior to becoming a university president, he was the Stacey Nicholas Dean of Engineering in the Henry Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Irvine from 2011 to 2020. He was the first African-American person to be made dean of an engineering school in the University of California system. His research considers dynamical systems, smart materials and devices.
References
- ↑ "Charis Kubrin". Crime & Justice Research Alliance. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ "Charis Kubrin". Research Profiles. University of California. January 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Wheeling, Kate (24 February 2016). "California's Criminal Justice Experiment". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Puente, Kelly (28 December 2015). "UC Irvine hip-hop professor seeks poetic justice". Orange County Register. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Donaghue, Erin (12 March 2014). "Should rap lyrics be allowed as evidence in the courtroom?". CBS News. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Ellement, John R. (19 June 2015). "Boston gang used online videos for threats, FBI says". Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Lithwick, Dahlia (6 December 2014). "Amicus: Rapper's Intent". Slate.
- ↑ Kubrin, Charis (2017-02-07). "Immigrants Do Not Increase Crime, Research Shows". Scientific American.
- ↑ Miriam Hernandez (10 August 2019). "Criminal record of 'violent' O.C. stabbing suspect under scrutiny after he was released from prison". ABC 7 News. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
But a scholar of AB 109's impact disputes DaRae's claims. "AB 109 did not give Zachary Castaneda early release...this would have happened without AB 109 in place," said UC Irvine criminology professor Charis Kubrin.
