Charles Goldfarb

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Charles Goldfarb, Ed Mosher, and Ray Lorie invented the first structured markup language in 1969, IBM's "Generalized Markup Language" (GML). In 1970, Goldfarb coined the phrase "markup language" in order to describe their invention. Charles F. Goldfarb, co-inventor of GML (Grammatical Markup Language).jpg
Charles Goldfarb, Ed Mosher, and Ray Lorie invented the first structured markup language in 1969, IBM's "Generalized Markup Language" (GML). In 1970, Goldfarb coined the phrase "markup language" in order to describe their invention.

Charles F. Goldfarb, (born November 26, 1939) is known as the father of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) [1] and grandfather of HTML [2] and the World Wide Web, also referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web. [3] He co-invented the concept of markup languages. [4]

Contents

In 1969 Charles Goldfarb, leading a small team at IBM, [5] developed the first markup language, called Generalized Markup Language, [6] or GML. Goldfarb coined the term GML, [7] an initialism for the three researchers, Charles Goldfarb, Ed Mosher and Ray Lorie, who worked on the project. [8]

In 1974, Goldfarb designed SGML [9] and subsequently wrote the first SGML parser, ARC-SGML. [10] SGML facilitates the sharing of machine readable documents for large projects. SGML was used by the military and aerospace, [11] and industrial publishing. [12] Goldfarb continued working to turn SGML into the ISO 8879 standard, [13] and served as its editor in the standardization committee.

Goldfarb held a J.D. from Harvard Law School. [14] After working at IBM's Almaden Research Center, [15] he was an independent consultant based in Belmont, California. [16]

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HTML</span> HyperText Markup Language

HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Markup language</span> Modern system for annotating a document

A markuplanguage is a text-encoding system which specifies the structure and formatting of a document and potentially the relationship between its parts. Markup can control the display of a document or enrich its content to facilitate automated processing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard Generalized Markup Language</span> Markup language

The Standard Generalized Markup Language is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 states that generalized markup is "based on two postulates":

<span class="mw-page-title-main">XML</span> Markup language by the W3C for encoding of data

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML.

William Warren Tunnicliffe is credited by Charles Goldfarb as being the first person (1967) to articulate the idea of separating the definition of formatting from the structure of content in electronic documents.

The Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) is an international standard developed to provide stylesheets for SGML documents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typesetting</span> Composition of text by means of arranging physical types or digital equivalents

Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters. Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts. One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission.

HyTime is a markup language that is an application of SGML. HyTime defines a set of hypertext-oriented element types that, in effect, supplement SGML and allow SGML document authors to build hypertext and multimedia presentations in a standardized way.

Generalized Markup Language (GML) is a set of macros that implement intent-based (procedural) markup tags for the IBM text formatter, SCRIPT. SCRIPT/VS is the main component of IBM's Document Composition Facility (DCF). A starter set of tags in GML is provided with the DCF product.

In the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), an entity is a primitive data type, which associates a string with either a unique alias or an SGML reserved word. Entities are foundational to the organizational structure and definition of SGML documents. The SGML specification defines numerous entity types, which are distinguished by keyword qualifiers and context. An entity string value may variously consist of plain text, SGML tags, and/or references to previously defined entities. Certain entity types may also invoke external documents. Entities are called by reference.

SCRIPT, any of a series of text markup languages starting with Script under Control Program-67/Cambridge Monitor System (CP-67/CMS) and Script/370 under Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) and the Time Sharing Option (TSO) of OS/VS2; the current version, SCRIPT/VS, is part of IBM's Document Composition Facility (DCF) for IBM z/VM and z/OS systems. SCRIPT was developed for CP-67/CMS by Stuart Madnick at MIT, succeeding CTSS RUNOFF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HTML5</span> Fifth and previous version of hypertext markup language

HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation. The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard. It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a consortium of the major browser vendors.

Scribe is a markup language and word processing system that pioneered the use of descriptive markup. Scribe was revolutionary when it was proposed, because it involved for the first time a clean separation of presentation and content.

A Formal Public Identifier (FPI) is a short piece of text with a particular structure that may be used to uniquely identify a product, specification or document. FPIs were introduced as part of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), and serve particular purposes in formats historically derived from SGML. Some of their most common uses are as part of document type declarations (DOCTYPEs) and document type definitions (DTDs) in SGML, XML and historically HTML, but they are also used in the vCard and iCalendar file formats to identify the software product which generated the file.

Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages which mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.

Steven J DeRose is a computer scientist noted for his contributions to Computational Linguistics and to key standards related to document processing, mostly around ISO's Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and W3C's Extensible Markup Language (XML).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">XML transformation language</span> Type of programming language

An XML transformation language is a programming language designed specifically to transform an input XML document into an output document which satisfies some specific goal.

SGMLguid, also known as "CERN SGML", "Waterloo based SGML", and "Waterloo SGML", was an early SGML application developed and used at CERN between 1986 and 1990. It served as a model of the earliest HTML specifications.

A document type declaration, or DOCTYPE, is an instruction that associates a particular XML or SGML document with a document type definition (DTD). In the serialized form of the document, it manifests as a short string of markup that conforms to a particular syntax.

References

  1. ↑ "Web Techniques: A Conversation with Charles F. Goldfarb". people.apache.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  2. ↑ Mayor, Dana (2021-01-04). "Charles Goldfarb". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  3. ↑ "World Wide Web - MDN Web Docs Glossary: Definitions of Web-related terms | MDN". developer.mozilla.org. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  4. ↑ Mayor, Dana (2021-01-04). "Charles Goldfarb". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  5. ↑ Mayor, Dana (2021-01-04). "Charles Goldfarb". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  6. ↑ Mayor, Dana (2021-01-04). "Charles Goldfarb". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  7. ↑ Mayor, Dana (2021-01-04). "Charles Goldfarb". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  8. ↑ "Web Techniques: A Conversation with Charles F. Goldfarb". Archived from the original on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  9. ↑ "Web Techniques: A Conversation with Charles F. Goldfarb". people.apache.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  10. ↑ Cover, Robin. "Public SGML/XML Software". xml.coverpages.org. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  11. ↑ "6.1. SGML's Legacy - XML in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition [Book]". www.oreilly.com. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  12. ↑ "SGML/XML Asia Pacific '97 - Title". xml.coverpages.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  13. ↑ "Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). ISO 8879:1986". www.loc.gov. 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  14. ↑ "Famous Harvard Law School Alumni". Ranker. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  15. ↑ "Goldfarb, Handbook TOC". xml.coverpages.org. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  16. ↑ "Dr. Charles F. Goldfarb". IT History Society. 2015-12-21. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
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