Charlotte Kipling | |
---|---|
Born | Charlotte Harrison 7 June 1918 |
Died | 9 August 1992 73) | (aged
Alma mater | Newnham College, Cambridge |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Ichthyology Statistics |
Institutions | Freshwater Biological Association, Institute of Biology, Royal Statistical Society |
Charlotte Kipling was born on 7 June 1919 in Toxteth Park, Liverpool, Lancashire, England. She was a statistician and ichthyologist. Starting in 1941 she was employed by the British Navy as a cipher officer in Liverpool. She was associated with the Navy until 1946. In 1947 she was hired by the Freshwater Biological Association in Windermere, Cumbria. She collected data on the changes in the char, pike, and perch populations in the Windermere lake. She was a member of the Royal Statistical Society and the Institute of Biology. She died in 1992 in Millerground Windermere, Cumbria, England. [1]
Kipling attended Liverpool College, Juyton and St. Leonard School, St. Andrews before studying economics at Newnham College Cambridge from 1937-1940. [2] She studied at Newnham during a period where women were allowed to attend classes, but were not made full members of the university or granted degrees. This was changed in 1948. [3] There is evidence found in International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950, that would imply Kipling received an M.A. from Newnham in that same year. From 1946-1947 she studied statistics at University College, London before moving to Windermere. [2]
Kipling was hired as a statistician by the Freshwater Biological Association at Ferry House in 1947. [2] While in this position she extensively tracked the diminishing fish populations within the Windermere lake. She developed methodology to help track this data alongside Winifred E. Frost. These methodologies were used to help determine the most efficient ways to gather as much data as possible on the different species within the lake. [4] Most of this research was used within the "Windermere Perch and Pike Project" (Le Cren 2001), [5] which long-term data collected on the Windermere lake by Kipling and her colleagues was used to analyse the ways the different fish populations reacted to their changing environment, as well as the effects of overfishing. [2] The long term data conducted by Kipling was essential to this project and is cited extensively throughout. Most of her publications are similar long-term studies of freshwater fish populations within the Windermere lake (see below).
Craig, J. F. & Kipling, C. (1983). Reproduction effort versus the environment; case histories of Windermere perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and pike, Esox lucius L. Journal of Fish Biology 22, 713-717.
Craig, J. F., Kipling, C, Le Cren, E. D. & McCormack, J. C. (1979). Estimates of the numbers, biomass and year-class strengths of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Windermere from 1967 to 1977 and some comparisons with earlier years. Journal of Animal Ecology 48, 315-325.
Frost, W. E. & Kiplmg, C. (1959). The determination of the age and growth of the pike (Esox lucius L.) from scales and opercular bones. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour VExploration de la Mer 24, 314-341.
Frost, W. E. & Kipling, C. (1959). A study of the reproduction, early life, weight-length relationship and growth of the pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 36, 651-693.
Frost, W. E. & Kipling, C. (1980). The growth of charr, Salvelinus willoughbii Gunther, in Windermere. Journal of Fish Biology 16, 279-289.
Kipling, C. (1957). The effect of gill-net selection on the estimation of weight-length relationships. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour VExploration de la Mer 23, 51-63.
Kipling, C. (1972). The commercial fisheries of Windermere. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archeological Society, N.S. 72, 156-204. doi : 10.5284/1062093
Kipling, C. (1983a). Changes in the growth of pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 647-657.
Kipling, C. (1983b). Changes in the population of pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere from 1994 to 1981. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 989-999.
Kipling, C. (1984a). A study of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and pike (Esox lucius L.) in Windermere from 1941 to 1981. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour l'Exploration de la Mer 41, 259-267.
Kipling, C. (1984b). Some observations on autumn spawning charr, Salvelinus alpinus L., in Windermere, 1939-1982. Journal of Fish Biology 24, 229-234.
Kipling, C. & Frost, W. E. (1969). Variations in the fecundity of pike, Esox lucius, in Windermere. Journal of Fish Biology 1, 221-237.
Kipling, C. & Frost, W. E. (1970). A study of the mortality, population numbers, year-class strengths, production and food consumption of the pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere from 1944 to 1962. Journal of Animal Ecology 39, 115-157.
Kipling, C. & Le Cren, E. D. (1984). Mark-recapture experiments on fish in Windermere, 1943-1982. Journal of Fish Biology 24, 395-414.
Kipling, C. & Roscoe, M. E. (1977). Surface water temperature of Windermere. Monthly and yearly totals of degree-days centigrade and monthly mean temperatures, 1933 to 1975. (Also Addendum, 1976-1980). Freshwater Biological Association Occasional Publication No. 2, Ambleside. 60 + 7 pp.
Le Cren, E. D. & Kipling, C. (1963). Some marking experiments on spawning populations of char. Special Publications of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries 4, 130-139.
Le Cren, E. D., Kipling, C. & McCormack, J. C. (1977). A study of the numbers, biomass and year-class strengths of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Windermere from 1941 to 1966. Journal of Animal Ecology 46, 281-307.
Perch is a common name for freshwater fish from the genus Perca, which belongs to the family Percidae of the large order Perciformes. The name comes from Greek: πέρκη, romanized: perke, meaning the type species of this genus, the European perch.
The northern pike is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus Esox (pikes). They are commonly found in moderately salty and fresh waters of the Northern Hemisphere. They are known simply as a pike in Great Britain, Ireland, most of Eastern Europe, Canada and the U.S., although in the Midwest, they may be called a Northern.
The tiger muskellunge, commonly called tiger muskie, is a carnivorous fish, and is the usually sterile, hybrid offspring of the true muskellunge and the northern pike. It lives in fresh water and its range extends to Canada, the Northeast, and the Midwest United States. It grows quickly; in one study, tiger muskie grew 1.5 times as fast as muskellunge. Like other hybrid species, tiger muskie are said to have "hybrid vigor," meaning they grow faster and stronger than the parent fish, and are also less susceptible to disease. Trophy specimens weigh about 14 kg (30 lb). Its main diet is fish and small birds. The tiger muskie and the muskie are called the fish of 10,000 casts due to the challenge involved in catching them.
The zander, sander or pikeperch, is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Percidae, which also includes perch, ruffe and darter. It is found in freshwater and brackish habitats in western Eurasia. It is a popular game fish and has been introduced to a variety of localities outside its native range. It is the type species of the genus Sander.
The European perch, also known as the common perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Euro perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch, Hatch, poor man's rockfish or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the perch, is a predatory freshwater fish native to Europe and North Asia. It is the type species of the genus Perca.
Lough Melvin is a lake in the northwest of the island of Ireland on the border between County Leitrim and County Fermanagh. It is internationally renowned for its unique range of plants and animals.
A game fish is any species of fish pursued for sport by recreationalists (anglers). The capture of game fish is usually tightly regulated. In comparison, nongame fish are all fish not considered game fish. Game fish may be eaten after being caught, though increasingly anglers are practicing catch-and-release tactics to improve fish populations.
In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:
Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure.
Goggausee is a lake of Carinthia, Austria.The Goggausee lies in the area of the Gurktaler Alps, north of Feldkirchen in Carinthia, in a very windless pool. Due to the sheltered location, the water is not mixed well and is oxygen‐poor after a few metres.
Esox cisalpinus, the southern pike or cisalpine pike, is a species of freshwater fish known from central and northern Italy, southeastern France and Switzerland, and it might also occur in the western Balkans. It has traditionally been considered a southern European variant of the widespread northern pike, but was described as a separate species in 2011. Like the northern pike, southern pike are an important species for recreational fisheries and for its role as a top predator in freshwater ecosystems.
Salvelinus inframundus, also known as Orkney charr is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae which is endemic to Scotland.
Winifred Evelyn Frost was a freshwater biologist. Her research focused primarily on eels, minnows, pike, and char by observing fish in the wild. After some time as chair, Frost was then appointed president of the Windermere and District Angling Association.
Salvelinus willughbii, also known as the Windermere charr or Willoughby's charr, is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae. Its binomial species name commemorates Francis Willughby. They are remnants from the end of the last ice-age, landlocked and isolated in various lakes within Cumbria, England. S. willughbii are a subspecies of Arctic charr that inhabit Lake Windermere, Coniston Water, Wast Water, Ennerdale Water, Buttermere, Crummock Water, and Lowes Water in The Lake District of Cumbria, England.The species has been listed on the IUCN Red List as endangered due to increased water temperatures, decreased levels of oxygen, and overfishing within Lake Windermere.
The Sommen charr is a population or subspecies of Arctic charr found in Lake Sommen. It is one of twenty-two species of fish found in the lake.
Fishing in Colorado has brought in a large amount of revenue for the state. In 2019 Colorado Parks and Wildlife estimated outdoor recreation contributed roughly 62 billion dollars to the state economy. Fishing was reported to be the 5th most popular outdoor activity and 110, 511 fishing and hunting combination licenses were sold. Ice fishing makes up part of this total fishing revenue and is a common annual sport for Colorado residents and out-of-state visitors. There is no legal definition of ice fishing season. Rather, people begin to ice fish once the lakes freeze over with thick enough ice. Colorado Parks and Wildlife also recommend that people always ice-fish with another person. Typically, this starts in December and ends in April for Colorado. Lakes size, depth, elevation, and seasonal weather can cause variance to the season. Once the lakes freeze over with thick enough ice, anglers go out onto the ice, drill holes through the ice, and fish for a variety of species.