The choice of techniques is an area of economics in which the question of the appropriate capital or labour-intensity of the method of production of goods is discussed. In the context of traditional development economics it was often recognised (Stewart (1972) for example) that this choice was central to development strategies and that such choices were inter-twined with decisions over the type of goods to be produced and the scale of operation of an industry. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Capital intensity is the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor. At the level of either a production process or the aggregate economy, it may be estimated by the capital to labor ratio, such as from the points along a capital/labor isoquant.
Frances Julia Stewart is professor emeritus of development economics and director of the Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), University of Oxford. A pre-eminent development economist, she was named one of fifty outstanding technological leaders for 2003 by Scientific American. She was president of the Human Development and Capability Association from 2008–2010.
Dar es Salaam (Dar) is the former capital as well as the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre. Located on the Swahili coast, the city is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
Amartya Kumar Sen, is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indices of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing countries.
Dodoma, officially Dodoma City, is the national capital of Tanzania and the capital of Dodoma Region, with a population of 410,956.
Development as Freedom is a 1999 book about international development by the economist Amartya Sen.
Mahbub ul Haq was a Pakistani game theorist, economist and an international development theorist who served as the 13th Finance Minister of Pakistan from 10 April 1985 until 28 January 1988.
The Arusha Declaration and TANU’s Policy on Socialism and Self Reliance (1967), referred to as the Arusha Declaration, is known as Tanzania’s most prominent political statement of African Socialism, ‘Ujamaa’, or brotherhood. The Arusha declaration is divided into five parts: The TANU “Creed”; The Policy of Socialism; The Policy of Self Reliance; the TANU Membership; and the Arusha Resolution.
Philosophy and economics, also philosophy of economics, studies topics such as rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them.
Social choice theory or social choice is a theoretical framework for analysis of combining individual opinions, preferences, interests, or welfares to reach a collective decision or social welfare in some sense. A non-theoretical example of a collective decision is enacting a law or set of laws under a constitution. Social choice theory dates from Condorcet's formulation of the voting paradox. Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values (1951) and Arrow's impossibility theorem in it are generally acknowledged as the basis of the modern social choice theory. In addition to Arrow's theorem and the voting paradox, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, the Condorcet jury theorem, the median voter theorem, and May's theorem are among the more well known results from social choice theory.
Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science disciplines and approaches. In this article, multiple theories are discussed, as are recent developments with regard to these theories. Depending on which theory that is being looked at, there are different explanations to the process of development and their inequalities
The capability approach is an economic theory conceived in the 1980s as an alternative approach to welfare economics. In this approach, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum bring together a range of ideas that were previously excluded from traditional approaches to the economics of welfare. The core focus of the capability approach is on what individuals are able to do.
Ujamaa was the concept that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's social and economic development policies in Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961.
Ben Fine is Professor of Economics at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies.
Justice in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory, whether "in the large", as of a just social order, or "in the small", as in the equity of "how institutions distribute specific benefits and burdens". That theory may or may not elicit acceptance. In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes 'justice' is scrolled to at JEL: D63, wedged on the same line between 'Equity' and 'Inequality' along with 'Other Normative Criteria and Measurement'. Categories above and below the line are Externalities and Altruism.
Russia–Tanzania relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Russia and Tanzania. Both countries have signed diplomatic missions on December 11, 1961 Russia has an embassy in Dar es Salaam, and Tanzania has an embassy in Moscow. Bilateral relations are stable, friendly nature. In the political field practice exchange of messages at the highest levels, for a political dialogue. In June 1995, a Protocol on ministerial consultations, the next round of which was held in May 2009 in Dar es Salaam. In July 2003, made a working visit to Russia on the Tanzanian Foreign Minister Dr.Kikwete. In July 2008, on the summit of the "eight" in Toyako (Japan) held a brief conversation with President Medvedev Dzh.Kikvete Tanzania. In July 2008, Dar es Salaam visited the President of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation VM Lebedev. Signed an agreement on cooperation between the Supreme Court of Russia and the Court of Appeal of Tanzania. In February and July 2011, the United Republic of Tanzania as a representative of the President of the Russian Federation visited the Director General of the State Corporation "Rosatom" Sergey Kiriyenko, who held talks with the President of Tanzania Dr.Kikwete, Prime Minister M.Pinda, Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism E. MIGA on the participation of Russian companies in the development of uranium deposits "Mkuzhu river." In response to the explosion of ammunition in army warehouses air base near g.Dar es Salaam that occurred February 17, 2011 and had a loss of life - dozens of people were killed, over 400 injured and thousands of Tanzanians are still homeless, Russian President D. A. Medvedev sent a message of condolences to the President Dr.Kikwete. The Russian government has decided to provide urgent humanitarian assistance to Tanzania, which arrived in Dar es Salaam in March 2011, the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry special flight and included tents, blankets and food. Turnover in 2010, according to the Federal Customs Service of Russia totaled 89.7 million. Russia exports ferrous metals, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, imports nuts, cashew, tea, coffee and spices. In Tanzania, the registered number of joint enterprises with Russian capital, engaged primarily in exploration and shipping. Russian companies participate in an international consortium, which received a contract to build a refinery in Tanzania and pipeline (1200 km) at an estimated cost of $ 4 billion, however, due to financial problems the project has not yet implemented. In March 2005, an agreement on cooperation between the Russian Chamber of Commerce and the Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture. In November 2009 in Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar the bilateral trade and economic forum, which was attended by representatives of a number of large Russian companies and the leadership of many Tanzanian firms. In September 2010, Moscow hosted an expert consultation between the two countries on the use of debt to Russia Tanzania to finance development projects in the ORT, which resulted in the agreed parties initialed a draft intergovernmental agreement. In 2007, 10 employees of the Ministry of Public Security of Tanzania were trained in courses Russian Interior Ministry. The 2010/2011 academic year, Russia provided Tanzania 15 state scholarships, accepted to study four Tanzanians. 23 people - on the commercial line.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Professor Kighoma Ali Malima was a Tanzanian CCM politician.
The Port of Dar es Salaam is the principal port serving Tanzania. The port is one of three ocean ports in the country and handles over 90% of the country's cargo traffic. According to the International Association of Ports and Harbors, it is the fourth largest port on the African continent's Indian Ocean coastline after Durban, Mombasa and Maputo. The port acts as a gateway for commerce and trade for Tanzania and numerous bordering landlocked states. For years the inefficiencies at the port has cost the regional economy millions of dollars; in 2012 the total global welfare loss caused by the inefficiencies of the port stood at US$1.8 billion for the Tanzanian economy and 830 million US dollars for the neighbouring countries.
Prasanta Kumar Pattanaik, is emeritus professor at the Department of Economics at the University of California, a research associate for the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI), and a fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association.
Landesque capital is a widespread concept used to understand anthropogenic landscapes that serve important economic, social, and ritual purposes.
Tanzania– Zambia relations are bilateral relations between Tanzania and Zambia. Tanzania and Zambia are one of the oldest allies in the region and together formed the front line nations for independence for neighboring African nations.
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