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Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used primarily in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic conditions. It has other uses such as in the assessment of infection and fetal lung maturity. Prenatal diagnostic testing, which includes amniocentesis, is necessary to conclusively diagnose the majority of genetic disorders, with amniocentesis being the gold-standard procedure after 15 weeks' gestation.
Rh disease is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only the D-antigen. The term "Rh Disease" is commonly used to refer to HDFN due to anti-D antibodies, and prior to the discovery of anti-Rho(D) immune globulin, it was the most common type of HDFN. The disease ranges from mild to severe, and occurs in the second or subsequent pregnancies of Rh-D negative women when the biologic father is Rh-D positive.
In mountaineering, the death zone refers to altitudes above a certain point where the pressure of oxygen is insufficient to sustain human life for an extended time span. This point is generally tagged as 8,000 m (26,000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is less than 356 millibars. The concept was conceived in 1953 by Edouard Wyss-Dunant, a Swiss doctor, who called it the lethal zone. All 14 peaks above 8000 m in the death zone are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram regions of Asia.
Nearly every pregnant individual undergoes some type of prenatal testing. There are varying levels of simplicity, invasiveness, risk, and information that correlate to each test. These tests can be as basic as taking the mothers weight (routine) to as complex and invasive as taking internal fetal blood samples for chromosomal analysis (genetic). Routine tests are conducted repeatedly throughout an individual’s pregnancy at prenatal checkups to monitor health and progression of the mother and the baby. Genetic testing is now a common practice offered to pregnant women by their healthcare professional at specific stages of their pregnancy to test for birth defects and chromosomal abnormalities, or the possibility of carrying these genetic traits. Testing capabilities and practices are becoming safer and less invasive as this area of research continues to evolve.
Telehealth is the distribution of health-related services and information via electronic information and telecommunication technologies. It allows long-distance patient and clinician contact, care, advice, reminders, education, intervention, monitoring, and remote admissions. Telemedicine is sometimes used as a synonym, or is used in a more limited sense to describe remote clinical services, such as diagnosis and monitoring. When rural settings, lack of transport, a lack of mobility, conditions due to outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics, decreased funding, or a lack of staff restrict access to care, telehealth may bridge the gap as well as provide distance-learning; meetings, supervision, and presentations between practitioners; online information and health data management and healthcare system integration. Telehealth could include two clinicians discussing a case over video conference; a robotic surgery occurring through remote access; physical therapy done via digital monitoring instruments, live feed and application combinations; tests being forwarded between facilities for interpretation by a higher specialist; home monitoring through continuous sending of patient health data; client to practitioner online conference; or even videophone interpretation during a consult.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus at or around birth, when the IgG molecules produced by the mother pass through the placenta. Among these antibodies are some which attack antigens on the red blood cells in the fetal circulation, breaking down and destroying the cells. The fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia. The intensity of this fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure can occur. When the disease is moderate or severe, many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood, earning these forms of the disease the name erythroblastosis fetalis.
Kenneth "Ken" Kamler, M.D., is an orthopedic microsurgeon trained at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, who practices surgery of the hand in New York and extreme medicine in some of the most remote regions on Earth.
In ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn maternal IgG antibodies with specificity for the ABO blood group system pass through the placenta to the fetal circulation where they can cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells which can lead to fetal anemia and HDN. In contrast to Rh disease, about half of the cases of ABO HDN occur in a firstborn baby and ABO HDN does not become more severe after further pregnancies.
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy.
Wilderness medicine is a medical specialty concerned with medical care in remote, wilderness and expedition environments. The specialty includes prior planning, public health issues, a number of sub-specialties as well as responding to emergencies. One modern definition of wilderness medicine is "medical care delivered in those areas where fixed or transient geographic challenges reduce the availability of, or alter requirements for, medical or patient movement resources".
Josef F. Schmid is a German-American physician, NASA flight surgeon and a major general in the United States Air Force Reserves. He served as an aquanaut on the joint NASA-NOAA NEEMO 12 underwater exploration mission in May 2007. On 8 October 2021 he became one of the first humans to be Holoported off the planet and into space, visiting the International Space Station by telepresence.
Ivar Mendez is a neurosurgeon, neuroscientist and Professor of Surgery at the University of Saskatchewan. He is internationally known for his work in cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease and the use of remote presence robotics in neurosurgery and primary health care. In December 2022, Mendez was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada for his pioneering work in the use of remote telemedicine and robotics to revolutionize the delivery of health and patient care.
Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is fetal DNA that circulates freely in the maternal blood. Maternal blood is sampled by venipuncture. Analysis of cffDNA is a method of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis frequently ordered for pregnant women of advanced maternal age. Two hours after delivery, cffDNA is no longer detectable in maternal blood.
Dennis Yuk Ming Lo is a Hong Kong molecular biologist, and an important contributor to the development of non-invasive prenatal testing. He is the current Associate Dean (Research) and Li Ka Shing Professor of Medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), as well as the head of the Department of Chemical Pathology of CUHK and the director of the Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences. His research focuses on the detection of cell-free fetal DNA in blood plasma.
Diana W. Bianchi is the director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, a post often called “the nation’s pediatrician.” She is a medical geneticist and neonatologist noted for her research on fetal cell microchimerism and prenatal testing. Bianchi had previously been the Natalie V. Zucker Professor of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology at Tufts University School of Medicine and founder and executive director of the Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center. She also has served as Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Pediatrics at the Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center.
Karin J. Blakemore is a leading medical geneticist and works in gynecology and obstetrics, human genetics, and maternal and fetal medicine. Dr. Blakemore's major contribution to medicine stems from her research as a member of a team that aimed to fight genetic disorders through the in utero transplantation of donor cells using a mouse as an animal model. Through this initial research in regards to first trimester prenatal diagnosis, Blakemore initiated the beginning of research on in utero bone marrow transplantation for genetic disorders of the fetus.
Nicholas M. Fisk is an Australian maternal-fetal medicine specialist, academic and researcher. As an obstetrician, Fisk is known for inventing the natural caesarean operation, also referred to as the family centred caesarean section.
Waheed Arian is a British doctor and radiologist, born in Afghanistan, who founded a telemedicine charity called Arian Teleheal. The charity enables doctors in conflict zones and low-resource countries to use their smartphones to receive advice from volunteer specialists in the UK, Canada, the US and other countries. Arian has won several international awards for his achievements, and regularly speaks as an expert in innovation, technology and global health.
Expedition Medicine is the field of medicine focusing on providing embedded medical support to an expedition, usually in medically austere or isolated areas. Expedition medicine provides the physical and psychological wellbeing of expedition members before, during, and after an expedition. Expedition medicine may be practiced in support of commercial, non-governmental organizations, and government expeditions. Some medical governing bodies consider expedition medicine as a field within wilderness medicine, whilst others considered it be a separate discipline.
Guo-li Ming is a Chinese-American neuroscientist. She is the Perelman Professor of Neuroscience and a member of the Institute of Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2019, Ming was elected to the National Academy of Medicine for "pioneering the use of patient-derived human stem cells to model genetic and environmental risk for brain disorders, which has transformed our understanding of underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies."
References
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "1998 Everest Expedition : Medical Team". alumni.media.mit.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ "Our Emerald Hometown Hero February 2021: Christian Macedonia M.D." Emerald Foundation. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ Hamilton, Jon. "How A Team Of Elite Doctors Changed The Military's Stance On Brain Trauma". NPR. All Things Considered, NPR. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
- 1 2 "A better welcome home". Harvard University. 3 November 2011.
- ↑ Shachtman, Noah (April 19, 2010). "Seeing Tongue, Spray-On Skin, Transplanted Hand: Top Officer Encounters Military's Extreme Medicine Wing". Wired.
- ↑ Macedonia, Christian; Zamisch, Monica; Judy, Jack; Ling, Geoffrey (5 May 2012). "DARPA challenge: developing new technologies for brain and spinal injuries". Proceedings of SPIE. Sensing Technologies for Global Health, Military Medicine, Disaster Response, and Environmental Monitoring II; and Biometric Technology for Human Identification IX. 8371. Bibcode:2012SPIE.8371E..0IM. doi:10.1117/12.924571. S2CID 119772356.
- ↑ "The Search for the Body's Keys to Time". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ Alexander, Caroline. "The Invisible War on the Brain". National Geographic. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ↑ "Dr. Christian Macedonia, Obstetrician-Gynecologist in Lancaster, PA - US News Doctors".
- ↑ YDOP. "LMFM". Lancaster Maternal Fetal Medicine. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
- ↑ "iReprogram Home". iReprogram. Retrieved 2022-10-25.