Christopher A. Lipinski | |
---|---|
Education | University of California, Berkeley |
Known for | Lipinski's rule of five |
Scientific career | |
Institutions | Pfizer |
Christopher A. Lipinski is a medicinal chemist who is working at Pfizer, Inc. [1] He is known for his "rule of five", an algorithm that predicts drug compounds that are likely to have oral activity. [1] By the number of citations, he is the most cited author of some pharmacology journals: Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods , Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews , Drug Discovery Today: Technologies . [2]
Lipinski received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968 in physical organic chemistry. [3] The Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews article reporting his "rule of five" is one of the most cited publications in the journal's history. [1] [4] In 2006, he received an honorary law degree from the University of Dundee and he has won various awards, including being the Society for Biomolecular Sciences' winner of the 2006 SBS Achievement Award for Innovation in HTS. [3] [5]
Studies that are in vivo are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. This is not to be confused with experiments done in vitro, i.e., in a laboratory environment using test tubes, Petri dishes, etc. Examples of investigations in vivo include: the pathogenesis of disease by comparing the effects of bacterial infection with the effects of purified bacterial toxins; the development of non-antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and new drugs generally; and new surgical procedures. Consequently, animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In drug discovery, for example, verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial, because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant in vivo.
Pharmacology is a science of medical drug and medication, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm. Many drugs are small molecules; the terms are equivalent in the literature. Larger structures such as nucleic acids and proteins, and many polysaccharides are not small molecules, although their constituent monomers are often considered small molecules. Small molecules may be used as research tools to probe biological function as well as leads in the development of new therapeutic agents. Some can inhibit a specific function of a protein or disrupt protein–protein interactions.
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans. The rule was formulated by Christopher A. Lipinski in 1997, based on the observation that most orally administered drugs are relatively small and moderately lipophilic molecules.
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Raymond F. Schinazi is an American organic medicinal chemist at Emory University with expertise in antiviral agents, pharmacology, and biotechnology. His research focuses on developing treatments for infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), herpes, dengue fever, zika, chikungunya, and other emerging viruses. These treatment options include antiviral agents as well as synthetic, biochemical, pharmacological and molecular genetic approaches, including molecular modeling and gene therapy.
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