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Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) is the German code of civil procedure. It was enacted in 1887. It strongly influenced the Code of Civil Procedure in Japan and Taiwan.
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A class action, also known as a class action lawsuit, class suit, or representative action, is a type of lawsuit where one of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by a member or members of that group. The class action originated in the United States and is still predominantly an American phenomenon, but Canada, as well as several European countries with civil law, have made changes in recent years to allow consumer organizations to bring claims on behalf of consumers.
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant. Criminal procedure can be either in form of inquisitorial or adversarial criminal procedure.
The Napoleonic Code, officially the Civil Code of the French, is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception. Although Napoleon himself was not directly involved in the drafting of the Code, as it was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists, he chaired many of the commission's plenary sessions, and his support was crucial to its passage into law.
In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.
A civil code is a codification of private law relating to property, family, and obligations.
The Federal Court of Justice is the highest court of civil and criminal jurisdiction in Germany. Its primary responsibility is the final appellate review of decisions by lower courts for errors of law. While, legally, a decision by the Federal Court of Justice is only binding with respect to the individual case in which it enters, de facto the court's interpretation of the law is followed by lower courts with almost no exception. Decisions handed down by the Federal Court of Justice can only be vacated by the Federal Constitutional Court for violating a provision of the German constitution, the Basic Law.
Kuznetsk is a town in Penza Oblast, Russia, located in the foothills of the Volga Upland, mainly on the left bank of the Truyov River. Population: 88,839 (2010 Census); 92,050 (2002 Census); 98,588 (1989 Soviet census).
As in most countries, Germany has a standard way of citing its legal codes and case law; an essentially identical system of citation is also used in Austria.
ZPO may refer to:
Serdobsk is a town and the administrative center of Serdobsky District in Penza Oblast, Russia. Population: 35,393 (2010 Census); 37,738 (2002 Census); 43,518 (1989 Soviet census).
Kamenka is a town and the administrative center of Kamensky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Atmis River 80 kilometers (50 mi) west of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 39,577 (2010 Census); 40,712 (2002 Census); 27,235 (1989 Soviet census); 30,000 (1970).
Zarechny, called Penza-19 (Пе́нза-19) in 1962–1992, is a closed town in Penza Oblast, Russia, located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) east of Penza. Population: 63,601 (2010 Census); 62,970 (2002 Census).
Gorodishche is a town and the administrative center of Gorodishchensky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Yulovka River 48 kilometers (30 mi) east of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. The 2010 census found it had a population of 8096.
Nikolsk is a town and the administrative center of Nikolsky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Vyrgan River 120 kilometers (75 mi) northeast of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 22,471 (2010 Census); 24,061 (2002 Census); 26,871 (1989 Soviet census).
Nizhny Lomov is a town and the administrative center of Nizhnelomovsky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Lomov River, on the M5 Highway 109 kilometers (68 mi) northwest of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 22,678 (2010 Census); 24,249 (2002 Census); 26,648 (1989 Soviet census).
Sursk is a town in Gorodishchensky District of Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Sura River, 92 kilometers (57 mi) east of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 7,034 (2010 Census).
Belinsky is a town and the administrative center of Belinsky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the rivers Bolshoy Chembar and Maly Chembar, 129 kilometers (80 mi) west of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 8,565 (2010 Census); 8,837 (2002 Census); 9,028 (1989 Soviet census).
Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) is the Austrian code of civil procedure. It was drafted in 1895 by Franz Klein, and superseded the Josephinian Common Court Regulations of 1781.
The Supreme Court of Justice is the final court of appeal of Austria in civil and criminal matters. Along with the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court, it is one of Austria's three apex courts.
Legal aid in Germany is "embedded in the court system and is seen as a part of this". Germany was the first country to provide free legal aid representation for the poor in 1919, and represents the archetype of the so-called judicare system.
