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Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.
Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Modern engineering comprises many subfields which include designing and improving infrastructure, machinery, vehicles, electronics, materials, and energy systems.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States Space Force and operated by Mission Delta 31. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephone or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls, and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. Geodesy is an earth science and many consider the study of Earth's shape and gravity to be central to that science. It is also a discipline of applied mathematics.
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as the designated positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.
A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructure while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructure that may have been neglected.
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.
Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information". Under another definition, it consists of products, services and tools involved in the collection, integration and management of geographic (geospatial) data. Surveying engineering was the widely used name for geomatic(s) engineering in the past. Geomatics was placed by the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems under the branch of technical geography.
The L band is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) designation for the range of frequencies in the radio spectrum from 1 to 2 gigahertz (GHz). This is at the top end of the ultra high frequency (UHF) band, at the lower end of the microwave range.
Satellite geodesy is geodesy by means of artificial satellites—the measurement of the form and dimensions of Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy. Traditional astronomical geodesy is not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques.
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
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Department of Geodesy Gdańsk University of Technology – continues the tradition of the Department of Surveying and Cartography, established at Gdańsk University of Technology in 1945.
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Gladys Mae West is an American mathematician. She is known for her contributions to mathematical modeling of the shape of the Earth, and her work on the development of satellite geodesy models, that were later incorporated into the Global Positioning System (GPS). West was inducted into the United States Air Force Hall of Fame in 2018. West was awarded the Webby Lifetime Achievement Award for the development of satellite geodesy models.
Washington Yotto Ochieng is a Kenyan-born British academic who is Head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Imperial College London. Previously, he was Head of the Centre for Transport Studies and Co-Director of the Institute for Security Science and Technology(ISST) together with Deeph Chana. Ochieng is the interim Director of ISST. He also serves as Director of the Engineering Geomatics Group and Chair of Positioning and Navigation Systems. In 2024, Ochieng became the President of the Royal Institute of Navigation.
Geoffrey Eustace Blight was a professor in the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Witwatersrand (Wits), serving twice as head of department.
Frank Stephen Tromp van Diggelen is a Distinguished Engineer at Google. His work concerns GPS/GNSS navigation. He helped to create some of the first GPS chips used in commercial smartphones. Van Diggelen is a fellow of the IEEE, Institute of Navigation and Royal Institute of Navigation.
References
- 1 2 "UNISURV report; no. S71" (PDF). UNSW. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2019.
- 1 2 3 Clement Ogaja publications indexed by Google Scholar
- 1 2 "Altus Welcomes Clement Ogaja as GNSS Support Engineer". GISuser News. 9 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015.
- ↑ Clement Ogaja at Library of Congress
- 1 2 "Clement Ogaja". GIM International. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021.
- ↑ (PhD thesis). A framework in support of structural monitoring by real time kinematic GPS and multisensor data.
- 1 2 "A framework in support of structural monitoring by real time kinematic GPS and multisensor data". UNSW. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.
- ↑ Ogaja, Clement (2002). National Library of Australia, ISBN 0733419585. University of New South Wales. ISBN 9780733419584. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023.
- ↑ "Altus Welcomes Clement Ogaja as GNSS Support Engineer". ASM News. 9 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022.
- ↑ "ASCE Introduces Book on GPS Application for Civil Engineers". GISuser News. 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "Altus Welcomes Clement Ogaja as GNSS Support Engineer". American Surveyor. 8 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022.
- ↑ "New Book: A Practical Guide for Navigating Geomatics and Land Surveying Projects". American Surveyor. 16 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023.
- ↑ Ogaja, C. (2011). Applied GPS for Engineers and Project Managers. Reston. ISBN 978-0-784-41150-6. OCLC 741103220.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) eBook: OCLC 809939281 - ↑ Ogaja, C. (2016). Geomatics Engineering: A Practical Guide to Project Design. New York. ISBN 978-1-439-89511-5. OCLC 653476311.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ogaja, C. (2022). Introduction to GNSS Geodesy: Foundations of Precise Positioning Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-91821-7. OCLC 1295172080.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Ogaja, C. (2023). Project Design for Geomatics Engineers and Surveyors. Boca Raton. ISBN 978-1-003-29714-7. OCLC 1353818755.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
