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The Chickasaw are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands,United States. Their traditional territory was in northern Mississippi,northwestern and northern Alabama,western Tennessee and southwestern Kentucky. Their language is classified as a member of the Muskogean language family. In the present day,they are organized as the federally recognized Chickasaw Nation.
The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was a treaty which was signed on September 27,1830,and proclaimed on February 24,1831,between the Choctaw American Indian tribe and the United States Government. This treaty was the first removal treaty which was carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act. The treaty ceded about 11 million acres (45,000 km2) of the Choctaw Nation in what is now Mississippi in exchange for about 15 million acres (61,000 km2) in the Indian territory,now the state of Oklahoma. The principal Choctaw negotiators were Chief Greenwood LeFlore,Mosholatubbee,and Nittucachee;the U.S. negotiators were Colonel John Coffee and Secretary of War John Eaton.
Eagletown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in McCurtain County,Oklahoma,United States. The population was 528 at the 2010 census. Located on Mountain Fork River,approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the Oklahoma-Arkansas border,it was the first permanent Choctaw settlement in the Indian Territory,who called it o̱ssi tamaha ("Eagle"). Eagletown was an important town from 1834 to 1906,and after 1850,served as county seat for the Choctaw Nation's Eagle County. The town name was officially changed to "Eagle Town" in 1850,then changed to the present Eagletown in 1892. When Indian Territory was preparing to unite with Oklahoma Territory to form the new state of Oklahoma in 1906,Eagletown lost its county seat status and became just another unincorporated community in the new McCurtain County.
The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma is a Native American reservation occupying portions of southeastern Oklahoma in the United States. At roughly 6,952,960 acres,it is the second-largest reservation in area after the Navajo,exceeding that of eight U.S. states. The seat of government is located in Durant,Oklahoma.
The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians is one of three federally recognized tribes of Choctaw people,and the only one in the state of Mississippi. On April 20,1945,this tribe was organized under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Their reservation included lands in Neshoba,Leake,Newton,Scott,Jones,Attala,Kemper,and Winston counties. The Mississippi Choctaw regained stewardship of their mother mound,Nanih Waiya mounds and cave in 2008. The Mississippi Band of Choctaw have declared August 18 as a tribal holiday to celebrate their regaining control of the sacred site. The other two Choctaw groups are the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma,the third largest tribe in the United States,and the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians,located in Louisiana.
The Treaty of Doak's Stand was signed on October 18,1820 between the United States and the Choctaw Indian tribe. The Treaty of Doak's Stand was the seventh of sixteen treaties that were ratified from the period from 186 through 1866 between the United States government and the Choctaw nation during a time of rapid westward expansion of white settlers. Based on the terms of the accord,the Choctaw were forced to give up approximately 5 million acres or roughly one-third of their remaining Choctaw homeland in the east in exchange for 13 million westward acres in the Canadian Kiamichi,Arkansas,and Red River watersheds. The Choctaw reluctantly signed the agreement in an effort to maintain peace as they were threatened by the US commissioners that if they did not agree to move west,they would perish.
Peter Pitchlynn was a Choctaw military and political leader. A long-time diplomat between his tribe and the federal government,he served as principal chief of the Choctaw Republic from 1864 to 1866 and surrendered to the Union on behalf of the nation at the end of the Civil War.
The Treaty of Washington City was a treaty signed on January 20,1825 between the Choctaw and the United States Government.
Apuckshunubbee was one of three principal chiefs of the Choctaw Native American tribe in the early nineteenth century,from before 1800. He led the western or Okla Falaya District of the Choctaw,of which the eastern edge ran roughly southeast from modern Winston County to Lauderdale County,then roughly southwest to Scott County,then roughly south-southeast to the western edge of Perry County. His contemporaries were Pushmataha and Moshulatubbee,who respectively led the southern district Okla Hannali and the north-eastern district Okla Tannap.
The Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws was a treaty signed on July 12,1861 between the Choctaw and Chickasaw and the Confederate States.
The Choctaw in the American Civil War participated in two major arenas—the Trans-Mississippi and Western Theaters. The Trans-Mississippi had the Choctaw Nation. The Western had the Mississippi Choctaw. The Choctaw Nation had been mostly removed west prior to the War,but the Mississippi Choctaw had remained in the east. Both the Choctaw Nation and the Mississippi Choctaw would ultimately side with the Confederate States of America.
James Jackson McAlester was an American Confederate Army soldier and merchant. McAlester was the founder of McAlester,Oklahoma,as well as a primary developer of the coal mining industry in eastern Oklahoma. He served as the United States Marshal for Indian Territory (1893–1897),one of three members of the first Oklahoma Corporation Commission (1907–1911) and the second lieutenant governor of Oklahoma from 1911 to 1915.
Greenwood "Green" McCurtain was an American Indian statesman and the last elected Principal Chief of the Choctaw Nation,serving a total of four elected two-year terms. After 1906 and dissolution of tribal governments under the Dawes Act prior to Oklahoma's annexation and achieving statehood,McCurtain was appointed as chief by Theodore Roosevelt. He served in that capacity until his death in 1910,and was the last freely-elected Chief of the Choctaws until 1971.
Daniel Newnan McIntosh (1822–1896),often identified as D. N. McIntosh,was a Creek rancher,soldier and politician,the youngest son of Creek Chief William McIntosh (1790–1825). He was a member of one of the most influential Lower Creek families of the 19th century;after they migrated west in 1828,they continued as leaders of what was then called the Western Creek Nation.
Benjamin Franklin Smallwood was Principal Chief of the Choctaw Republic from 1888 to 1890. From 1847 to 1890,Smallwood held public office in Choctaw Nation,except for the time he served as an officer in the Civil War.
James Lawrence McDonald (c. 1801 —September 1831),was a member of the American Indian tribe called the Choctaw and the first Native leader of his generation to be trained in the American legal system. Thus,he is known as the first Native American lawyer. He was also the first Native activist to make the case for Indian rights directly to American political leaders and to negotiate for those rights in a formal agreement. McDonald did not believe in the use of force in resisting American westward expansion. Instead,he believed that political negotiations between Native American leaders and the United States would be more effective in the fight against the displacement of Natives and would allow for the long-term survival of Native American communities. McDonald urged the U.S. Congress to protect the rights of Native Americans and delayed the removal of his tribe from ancestral lands. As an advisor to Choctaw chiefs and eventual lawyer of the tribe,McDonald successfully negotiated peace treaties with the United States federal government. These negotiations allowed fair compensation for previously ceded land that was undervalued in earlier agreements. He also promoted programs of Indian education and wrote on behalf of the elected tribal governments. McDonald’s work as a lawyer and political activist paved a new path in which future Native American leaders were able to defend the rights of their territory using the American legal system. His career marked the birth of a new approach to federal power,and by extension,the beginning of political activism that was to inspire tribal leaders across the continent.
Cyrus H. Harris,a mixed-blood Chickasaw born in Mississippi,was elected the first Governor of the Chickasaw Nation,and served five non-consecutive two-year terms. Although his formal schooling was limited at an elementary level,he became fluent in both the English and Chickasaw languages. He and his family relocated to Indian Territory in 1837,where he was employed in business and also served as an interpreter and developed a keen interest in Chickasaw politics. In 1856,he was elected to his first term as governor of the newly established Chickasaw Nation His accomplishments included organizing a national government after the Chickasaw Nation and Choctaw Nation formally separated into two distinct entities. He also executed a formal alliance between his nation and the Confederate States of America after the outbreak of the American Civil War. After the cessation of hostilities,he played a major role in the recovery of the nation from its devastated condition. He retired from politics in 1874,after serving his fifth term as governor. He died in 1887 at his home in Mill Valley,and was buried at the cemetery in Mill Valley.
The History of the Choctaws,or Chahtas,are a Native American people originally from the Southeast of what is currently known as the United States. They are known for their rapid post-colonial adoption of a written language,transitioning to yeoman farming methods,having European-American lifestyles enforced in their society,and acquiring some customs from Africans they enslaved.
Gilbert Wesley Dukes was an American and Choctaw politician who served as the Chief of the Choctaw Nation between 1900 and 1902. He was the Republican candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma in 1910.
References
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 15.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 16.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 18.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 19.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 19-20.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 20.
- ↑ Meserve 1936, p. 21.