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Burundi originated in the 16th century as a small kingdom in the African Great Lakes region. After European contact,it was united with the Kingdom of Rwanda,becoming the colony of Ruanda-Urundi - first colonised by Germany and then by Belgium. The colony gained independence in 1962,and split once again into Rwanda and Burundi. It is one of the few countries in Africa to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state.
Cyprien Ntaryamira was a Burundian politician who served as President of Burundi from 5 February 1994 until his death two months later. A Hutu born in Burundi,Ntaryamira studied there before fleeing to Rwanda to avoid ethnic violence and complete his education. Active in a Burundian student movement,he cofounded the socialist Burundi Workers' Party and earned an agricultural degree. In 1983,he returned to Burundi and worked agricultural jobs,though he was briefly detained as a political prisoner. In 1986 he cofounded the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU),and in 1993 FRODEBU won Burundi's general elections. He subsequently became the Minister of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on 10 July,but in October Tutsi soldiers killed the president and other top officials in an attempted coup.
Pierre Buyoya was a Burundian army officer and politician who served two terms as President of Burundi in 1987 to 1993 and 1996 to 2003. He was the second-longest-serving president in Burundian history.
Pierre Ngendandumwe was a Burundian politician. He was a member of the Union for National Progress and was an ethnic Hutu. On 18 June 1963,about a year after Burundi gained independence and amidst efforts to bring about political cooperation between Hutus and the dominant minority Tutsis,Ngendandumwe became Burundi's first Hutu prime minister. He served as prime minister until 6 April 1964 and then became prime minister again on 7 January 1965,serving until his death. Eight days after beginning his second term,he was assassinated by a Rwandan Tutsi refugee.
Sylvie Kinigi is a Burundian politician and economist who served as prime minister of Burundi from 10 July 1993 to 7 February 1994,and acting president from November 1993 to 5 February 1994,making her the second African woman to serve as a president.
Mass killings of Tutsis were conducted by the majority-Hutu populace in Burundi from 21 October to December 1993,under an eruption of ethnic animosity and riots following the assassination of Burundian President Melchior Ndadaye in an attempted coup d'état. The massacres took place in all provinces apart from Makamba and Bururi,and were primarily undertaken by Hutu peasants. At many points throughout,Tutsis took vengeance and initiated massacres in response.
Michel Kafando is a Burkinabédiplomat who served as the transitional President of Burkina Faso from 2014 to 2015. He served in the government as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1983 and was the Permanent Representative (Ambassador) of Burkina Faso to the United Nations from 1998 to 2011.
Angie Elizabeth Brooks was a Liberian diplomat and jurist. She was the only African female President of the United Nations General Assembly. She was also the second woman from any nation to head the U.N. body.
María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés is an Ecuadorian politician and diplomat. She was the President of the United Nations General Assembly for the 73rd session from 2018 to 2019. She served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Lenín Moreno from May 2017 to June 2018. She also held several other Ministerial posts before,including as Minister of National Defense of from 28 November 2012 to 23 September 2014. She served as the Permanent Representative of Ecuador to the United Nations in Geneva from 2008 to 2009 and again from October 2014 to May 2017. Besides her political career she is also a poet and essayist.
Nicolas Bwakira was a Burundian diplomat,international civil servant and pan-africanist. During his long and exemplary career,Bwakira took on senior roles and responsibilities at various institutions,including the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR),the University of South Africa (UNISA),the African Union,the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) and the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI). Bwakira fought the good fight as a pan-Africanist and international civil servant in the service of Africa and its people,especially for those in Namibia,Angola,Somalia and,more recently,the Lake Chad Basin. The quest for peace was his lifelong passion. From the time of his posting in Angola in 1976,he developed a special connection with southern African countries,among which Namibia. From 1976 to 1990,Namibian refugees and Namibia’s independence featured prominently in his professional career. In his role as Coordinator for the return of Namibian exiles,he was instrumental in negotiating a total blanket amnesty with the apartheid government as a condition for the return of Namibian exiles. Later,as Director for Africa,he negotiated a total blanket amnesty with the apartheid government,as a pre-condition of the return of South African exiles members of liberation movements.
Burundi,officially the Republic of Burundi,is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the junction between the African Great Lakes region and East Africa. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north,Tanzania to the east and southeast,and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west;Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura,the latter being the country's largest city.
Natalia Gherman is a Moldovan politician who has been serving as executive director of the United Nations' Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate since 2023.
Pascal Nyabenda is a Burundian politician,who serves as President of the National Assembly of Burundi since 2015. He has been president of the ruling National Council for the Defense of Democracy –Forces for the Defense of Democracy since March 2012 and previously served as Governor of Bubanza Province.
Burundian nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Burundi,as amended;the Nationality Code of Burundi,and its revisions;and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is,or is eligible to be,a national of Burundi. The legal means to acquire nationality,formal legal membership in a nation,differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation,known as citizenship. Burundian nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus sanguinis,i.e. by birth in Burundi or abroad to parents with Burundian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country,or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
Perpétue Nshimirimana is a Burundian diplomat and writer.
Clotilde Niragira was a Burundian politician and lawyer. She served as head of three separate ministries in Pierre Nkurunziza's government and was Secretary-General of Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The Ikiza,or the Ubwicanyi (Killings),was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government,primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed,while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000.
Marie-Louise Sibazuri is a Burundian women's rights activist and teacher who has devoted her time to writing since 1993. In addition to becoming a prolific playwright,she is widely known as the author of the popular radio series Umumbanyi Niwe Muryango,a soap opera which sets out to improve relations between Tutsis and Hutus following the conflicts of the mid-1990s. After spending several years in Belgium where she was active in the theatre,she has now moved to Australia with her second husband,Hilaire Bucumi. She is currently writing collections of Burundian folk tales.
Jean‐Marie Ngendahayo is a Burundian politician.
Mo-Mamo Karerwa is a Burundian educator,school administrator,and politician. Trained as a teacher,when ethnic violence broke out in 1993,she founded the Magarama II Peace Primary School. The curricula of the school,which taught students from the age two through sixth grade,followed the government mandated courses for half of the day and taught conflict resolution and how to live in peace for the remainder of the school day. She developed a curriculum which taught children's rights and examined Burundian history and culture as a path to a peaceful future. The curriculum was adopted by sixteen schools in the Gitega Province and she was appointed as the primary school teacher representative to the Provincial Education Council in 2003.
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