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Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. It consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the mouth, most commonly focused on dentition as well as the oral mucosa. Dentistry may also encompass other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint. The practitioner is called a dentist.
A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry, the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and sometimes dental therapists.
Forensic anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields, including forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy, in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable, as might happen in a plane crash. Forensic anthropologists are also instrumental in the investigation and documentation of genocide and mass graves. Along with forensic pathologists, forensic dentists, and homicide investigators, forensic anthropologists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses. Using physical markers present on a skeleton, a forensic anthropologist can potentially determine a person's age, sex, stature, and race. In addition to identifying physical characteristics of the individual, forensic anthropologists can use skeletal abnormalities to potentially determine cause of death, past trauma such as broken bones or medical procedures, as well as diseases such as bone cancer.
Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology involves the handling, examination, and evaluation of dental evidence in a criminal justice context. Forensic dentistry is used in both criminal and civil law. Forensic dentists assist investigative agencies in identifying human remains, particularly in cases when identifying information is otherwise scarce or nonexistent—for instance, identifying burn victims by consulting the victim's dental records. Forensic dentists may also be asked to assist in determining the age, race, occupation, previous dental history, and socioeconomic status of unidentified human beings.
Dental surgery is any of a number of medical procedures that involve artificially modifying dentition; in other words, surgery of the teeth, gums and jaw bones.
Forensic identification is the application of forensic science, or "forensics", and technology to identify specific objects from the trace evidence they leave, often at a crime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic means "for the courts".
Reidar Sognnaes was Dean of the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, founding Dean of the UCLA School of Dentistry and scholar in the field of oral pathology.
Forensic facial reconstruction is the process of recreating the face of an individual from their skeletal remains through an amalgamation of artistry, anthropology, osteology, and anatomy. It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology. Despite this controversy, facial reconstruction has proved successful frequently enough that research and methodological developments continue to be advanced.
Forensic biology is a branch of forensics where biology is applied to associate a person — whether suspect or victim, to a location, an item, another person.
A Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team or DMORT is a team of experts in the fields of disaster victim identification and mortuary services. DMORTs are activated in response to large scale disasters in the United States to assist in the identification of deceased individuals and storage of the bodies pending the bodies being claimed.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to forensic science:
Cedric Keith Simpson was an English forensic pathologist. He was Professor of Forensic Medicine in the University of London at Guy's Hospital, Lecturer in Forensic Medicine at the University of Oxford and a founding member and President of the Association of Forensic Medicine. Simpson became renowned for his post-mortems on high-profile murder cases, including the 1949 Acid Bath Murders committed by John George Haigh and the murder of gangster George Cornell, who was shot dead by Ronnie Kray in 1966.
Body identification is a subfield of forensic science that uses a variety of scientific and non-scientific methods to identify a body. Forensic purposes are served by rigorous scientific forensic identification techniques, but these are generally preceded by formal identification. This involves requesting a family member or friend of the victim to visually identify the body.
The Unified Victim Identification System (UVIS) is an Internet-enabled database system developed for the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York (OCME) in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on New York City and the crash of American Airlines Flight 587. It is intended to handle critical fatality management functions made necessary by a major disaster. UVIS is a strong flexible role-based application and permissions can be controlled dynamically.
The ancient world lacked standardized practices of forensic science, which aided criminals in escaping punishment. Criminal investigations and trials relied on oaths, confessions and witness testimony. In a time when a distinction between science and such phenomena as religion, magic and superstition had not yet been made, some civilizations used practices such as the trial by ordeal to determine guilt or innocence.
Odontometrics is the measurement and study of tooth size. It is used in biological anthropology and bioarchaeology to study human phenotypic variation. The rationale for use is similar to that of the study of dentition, the structure and arrangement of teeth. There are a number of features that can be observed in human teeth through the use of odontometrics.
In the United States and Canada, there are twelve recognized dental specialties in which some dentists choose to train and practice, in addition to or instead of general dentistry. In the United Kingdom and Australia, there are thirteen.
Tricho–dento–osseous syndrome (TDO) is a rare, systemic, autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes defects in hair, teeth, and bones respectively. This disease is present at birth. TDO has been shown to occur in areas of close geographic proximity and within families; most recent documented cases are in Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The cause of this disease is a mutation in the DLX3 gene, which controls hair follicle differentiation and induction of bone formation. All patients with TDO have two co-existing conditions called enamel hypoplasia and taurodontism in which the abnormal growth patterns of the teeth result in severe external and internal defects. The hair defects are characterized as being rough, course, with profuse shedding. Hair is curly and kinky at infancy but later straightens. Dental defects are characterized by dark-yellow/brownish colored teeth, thin and/or possibly pitted enamel, that is malformed. The teeth can also look normal in color, but also have a physical impression of extreme fragility and thinness in appearance. Additionally, severe underbites where the top and bottom teeth fail to correctly align may be present; it is common for the affected individual to have a larger, more pronounced lower jaw and longer bones. The physical deformities that TDO causes become more noticeable with age, and emotional support for the family as well as the affected individual is frequently recommended. Adequate treatment for TDO is a team based approach, mostly involving physical therapists, dentists, and oromaxillofacial surgeons. Genetic counseling is also recommended.
Forensic radiology is the discipline which comprises the performance, interpretation and reportage of the radiological examinations and procedures which are needed in court procedures or law enforcement. Radiological methods are widely used in identification, age estimation and establishing cause of death. Comparison of ante mortem and post mortem radiographs is one of the means of identification. The scanning of baggage, vehicles and individuals have many applications.
Disaster victim identification (DVI) is the process of identifying the remains of people who have died in a mass fatality incident such as a plane crash or bomb blast. The process can be time-consuming to avoid mis-identification. Techniques include fingerprinting, use of dental records and DNA profiling.
References
- 1 2 Glass, Richard Thomas, 1941- (2009). Practical forensic dentistry : theory and practice of forensic dentistry. Von Fraunhofer, J. A. (Joseph Anthony). Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. ISBN 978-3-639-17109-9. OCLC 438642769.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 Keiser-Nielsen, Søren. (1980). Person identification by means of the teeth : a practical guide. Bristol [England]: Wright. ISBN 978-0-7236-0557-7. OCLC 6813484.
- 1 2 3 4 Ramasamy, Chidambaram (October 2014). "A Select List Of International Cases Solved Using Forensic Odontology" (PDF). ResearchGate.
- ↑ "The Roman Empress Who Used Forensic Science To Identify Her Rival's Head". Strange Remains. December 28, 2016.
- ↑ Amoedo, Oscar (November 1897). "The Role of the Dentists in the Identification of the Victims of the Catastrophe of the "Bazar de la Charite," Paris, 4th of May, 1897". Dental Cosmos. 11: 905–912.
- ↑ Sognnaes, Reidar F.; Ström, Ferdinand (1973-01-01). "The odontological identification of Adolf Hitler: Definitive documentation by X-rays, interrogations and autopsy findings". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 31 (1): 43–69. doi:10.3109/00016357309004612. ISSN 0001-6357. PMID 4575430.
- ↑ Solheim, Tore; Lorentsen, Magne; Sundnes, Per Kristian; Bang, Gisle; Bremnes, Lasse (1992-11-01). "The "Scandinavian Star" ferry disaster 1990 -a challenge to forensic odontology". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 104 (6): 339–345. doi:10.1007/BF01369554. ISSN 1437-1596. PMID 1515361.
- ↑ Berry, James (December 1, 2001). "Forensic Dentistry: Identifying The Victims Of 9/11". OralHealthGroup.
- ↑ Schuller-Götzburg, P.; Suchanek, J. (2007-09-13). "Forensic odontologists successfully identify tsunami victims in Phuket, Thailand". Forensic Science International. 171 (2): 204–207. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.013. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 17029859.