Computational models in epilepsy

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Computational models in epilepsy mainly focus on describing an electrophysiological manifestation associated with epilepsy called seizures. For this purpose, computational neurosciences use differential equations to reproduce the temporal evolution of the signals recorded experimentally. A book published in 2008, Computational Neuroscience in Epilepsy. [1] summarizes different works done up to this time. The goals of using its models are diverse, from prediction to comprehension of underlying mechanisms. [2]

The crisis phenomenon (seizure) exists and shares certain dynamical properties across different scales [3] and different organisms. [4] It is possible to distinguish different approaches: the phenomenological models focus on the dynamics observed, generally reduced to few dimension it facilitates the study from the point of view of the theory of dynamical systems [5] and more mechanistic models that explain the biophysical interactions underlying seizures. It is also possible to use these approaches to model and analyse the interactions between different regions of the brain [6] (In this case the notion of network plays an important role [7] ) and the transition to ictal state. [8] These large-scale approaches have the advantage of being able to be related to the recordings made in humans thanks to electroencephalography (EEG). It offers new directions for clinical research, particularly as an additional tool in the treatment of refractory epilepsy [9] [10]

Other approaches are to use the models to try to understand the mechanisms underlying these seizures using biophysical descriptions from the neuron scale. [11] [12] [13] [14] This makes it possible to understand the role of homeostasis and to understand the link between physical quantities (such as the concentration of potassium for example) and the pathological dynamics observed.[ citation needed ]

This area of research has evolved rapidly in recent years and continues to show promise for our understanding and treatment of epilepsies for either for direct clinical application in the case of refractory epilepsy or fundamental research to guide experimental works.[ citation needed ]

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Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. An epileptic seizure is the clinical manifestation of an abnormal, excessive, and synchronized electrical discharge in the brain cells called neurons. The occurrence of two or more unprovoked seizures defines epilepsy. The occurrence of just one seizure may warrant the definition in a more clinical usage where recurrence may be able to be prejudged. Epileptic seizures can vary from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These episodes can result in physical injuries, either directly such as broken bones or through causing accidents. In epilepsy, seizures tend to recur and may have no immediate underlying cause. Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as poisoning are not deemed to represent epilepsy. People with epilepsy may be treated differently in various areas of the world and experience varying degrees of social stigma due to the alarming nature of their symptoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seizure</span> Period of symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal brain activity

An epileptic seizure, informally known as a seizure, is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled shaking movements involving much of the body with loss of consciousness, to shaking movements involving only part of the body with variable levels of consciousness, to a subtle momentary loss of awareness. These episodes usually last less than two minutes and it takes some time to return to normal. Loss of bladder control may occur.

Computational neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematics, computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electrocorticography</span>

Electrocorticography (ECoG), a type of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), is a type of electrophysiological monitoring that uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. In contrast, conventional electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes monitor this activity from outside the skull. ECoG may be performed either in the operating room during surgery or outside of surgery. Because a craniotomy is required to implant the electrode grid, ECoG is an invasive procedure.

The postictal state is the altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure. It usually lasts between 5 and 30 minutes, but sometimes longer in the case of larger or more severe seizures, and is characterized by drowsiness, confusion, nausea, hypertension, headache or migraine, and other disorienting symptoms.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a fatal complication of epilepsy. It is defined as the sudden and unexpected, non-traumatic and non-drowning death of a person with epilepsy, without a toxicological or anatomical cause of death detected during the post-mortem examination.

Geschwind syndrome, also known as Gastaut-Geschwind, is a group of behavioral phenomena evident in some people with temporal lobe epilepsy. It is named for one of the first individuals to categorize the symptoms, Norman Geschwind, who published prolifically on the topic from 1973 to 1984. There is controversy surrounding whether it is a true neuropsychiatric disorder. Temporal lobe epilepsy causes chronic, mild, interictal changes in personality, which slowly intensify over time. Geschwind syndrome includes five primary changes; hypergraphia, hyperreligiosity, atypical sexuality, circumstantiality, and intensified mental life. Not all symptoms must be present for a diagnosis. Only some people with epilepsy or temporal lobe epilepsy show features of Geschwind syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spike-and-wave</span>

Spike-and-wave is a pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methylazoxymethanol acetate</span> Chemical compound

Methylazoxymethanol acetate, MAM, is a neurotoxin which reduces DNA synthesis used in making animal models of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and epilepsy. MAM is found in cycad seeds, and causes zamia staggers. It selectively targets neuroblasts in the central nervous system. In rats, administration of MAM affects structures in the brain which are developing most quickly. It is an acetate of methylazoxymethanol.

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), is onset of severe seizures following a febrile illness in someone who was previously healthy. The seizures may initially be focal; however, often become tonic-clonic. Complications often include intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and ongoing seizures.

James O. McNamara is an American neurologist and neuroscientist, known for his research of epileptogenesis, the process underlying development and progression of epilepsy. He is the Duke School of Medicine Professor of Neuroscience in the Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology at Duke University. He served as chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Duke from 2002 to 2011

Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), also known as refractory epilepsy, intractable epilepsy, or pharmacoresistant epilepsy, is diagnosed following a failure of adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to achieve sustained seizure freedom. The probability that the next medication will achieve seizure freedom drops with every failed AED. For example, after two failed AEDs, the probability that the third will achieve seizure freedom is around 4%. Drug-resistant epilepsy is commonly diagnosed after several years of uncontrolled seizures, however, in most cases, it is evident much earlier. Approximately 30% of people with epilepsy have a drug-resistant form.

Viktor K. Jirsa is a German physicist and neuroscientist, director of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), director of the Institut de Neuroscience des Systèmes and co-director of the Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) EPINEXT "Epilepsy and Disorders of Neuronal Excitability" in Marseille, France. He is workpackage leader in the Epinov project funded in the context of the RHU3 call and coordinated by Fabrice Bartolomei.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fabrice Bartolomei</span> French neurophysiologist

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Malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy (MMPSI) is a rare epileptic syndrome that onsets before 6 months of age, commonly in the first few weeks of life. Once seizures start, the site of seizure activity repeatedly migrates from one area of the brain to another, with few periods of remission in between. These seizures are 'focal' (updated term for 'partial'), meaning they do not affect both sides of the brain at the same time. These continuous seizures cause damage to the brain, hence the descriptor 'malignant.'

References

  1. ↑ Computational neuroscience in epilepsy. Ivan Soltesz, Kevin Staley (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic. 2008. ISBN   978-0-12-373649-9. OCLC   281558250.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. ↑ Lytton, William W. (August 2008). "Computer modelling of epilepsy". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 9 (8): 626–637. doi:10.1038/nrn2416. ISSN   1471-0048. PMC   2739976 . PMID   18594562.
  3. ↑ Depannemaecker, Damien; Destexhe, Alain; Jirsa, Viktor; Bernard, Christophe (2021-02-22). "Modeling Seizures: From Single Neurons to Networks". doi: 10.20944/preprints202102.0478.v1 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ Jirsa, Viktor K.; Stacey, William C.; Quilichini, Pascale P.; Ivanov, Anton I.; Bernard, Christophe (2014-06-10). "On the nature of seizure dynamics". Brain. 137 (8): 2210–2230. doi:10.1093/brain/awu133. ISSN   1460-2156. PMC   4107736 . PMID   24919973.
  5. ↑ Saggio, Maria Luisa; Spiegler, Andreas; Bernard, Christophe; Jirsa, Viktor K. (2017-07-25). "Fast–Slow Bursters in the Unfolding of a High Codimension Singularity and the Ultra-slow Transitions of Classes". The Journal of Mathematical Neuroscience. 7 (1): 7. doi: 10.1186/s13408-017-0050-8 . ISSN   2190-8567. PMC   5526832 . PMID   28744735.
  6. ↑ Breakspear, M.; Roberts, J. A.; Terry, J. R.; Rodrigues, S.; Mahant, N.; Robinson, P. A. (2005-11-09). "A Unifying Explanation of Primary Generalized Seizures Through Nonlinear Brain Modeling and Bifurcation Analysis". Cerebral Cortex. 16 (9): 1296–1313. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj072 . ISSN   1460-2199. PMID   16280462.
  7. ↑ Terry, John R.; Benjamin, Oscar; Richardson, Mark P. (2012). "Seizure generation: The role of nodes and networks". Epilepsia. 53 (9): e166–e169. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03560.x . ISSN   1528-1167. PMID   22709380. S2CID   25085531.
  8. ↑ Wendling, Fabrice; Hernandez, Alfredo; Bellanger, Jean-Jacques; Chauvel, Patrick; Bartolomei, Fabrice (October 2005). "Interictal to ictal transition in human temporal lobe epilepsy: insights from a computational model of intracerebral EEG". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 22 (5): 343–356. ISSN   0736-0258. PMC   2443706 . PMID   16357638.
  9. ↑ Jirsa, V.K.; Proix, T.; Perdikis, D.; Woodman, M.M.; Wang, H.; Gonzalez-Martinez, J.; Bernard, C.; Bénar, C.; Guye, M.; Chauvel, P.; Bartolomei, F. (2017-01-15). "The Virtual Epileptic Patient: Individualized whole-brain models of epilepsy spread". NeuroImage. 145 (Pt B): 377–388. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.049 . ISSN   1053-8119. PMID   27477535. S2CID   36510741.
  10. ↑ Khambhati, Ankit N.; Davis, Kathryn A.; Lucas, Timothy H.; Litt, Brian; Bassett, Danielle S. (September 2016). "Virtual Cortical Resection Reveals Push-Pull Network Control Preceding Seizure Evolution". Neuron. 91 (5): 1170–1182. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.039. PMC   5017915 . PMID   27568515.
  11. ↑ Depannemaecker, Damien; Ivanov, Anton; Lillo, Davide; Spek, Len; Bernard, Christophe; Jirsa, Viktor (2020-10-23). "A unified physiological framework of transitions between seizures, sustained ictal activity and depolarization block at the single neuron level". bioRxiv   10.1101/2020.10.23.352021 .
  12. ↑ Cressman, John R.; Ullah, Ghanim; Ziburkus, Jokubas; Schiff, Steven J.; Barreto, Ernest (April 2009). "The influence of sodium and potassium dynamics on excitability, seizures, and the stability of persistent states: I. Single neuron dynamics". Journal of Computational Neuroscience. 26 (2): 159–170. doi:10.1007/s10827-008-0132-4. ISSN   0929-5313. PMC   2704057 . PMID   19169801.
  13. ↑ Destexhe, A.; Bal, T.; McCormick, D. A.; Sejnowski, T. J. (1996-09-01). "Ionic mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations and propagating waves in a model of ferret thalamic slices". Journal of Neurophysiology. 76 (3): 2049–2070. doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.3.2049. ISSN   0022-3077. PMID   8890314.
  14. ↑ Almeida, Antônio-Carlos G. De; Rodrigues, Antônio M.; Scorza, Fúlvio A.; Cavalheiro, Esper A.; Teixeira, Hewerson Z.; Duarte, Mário A.; Silveira, Gilcélio A.; Arruda, Emerson Z. (2008). "Mechanistic hypotheses for nonsynaptic epileptiform activity induction and its transition from the interictal to ictal state—Computational simulation". Epilepsia. 49 (11): 1908–1924. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01686.x. ISSN   1528-1167. PMID   18513350. S2CID   12024463.
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