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Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a small part in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country in the world. It has a population of 20 million people and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre. Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority of the population, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country, although ethnic Russians in the country form a sizeable Christian community.
A trade union or labor union, often simply referred to as a union, is an organisation of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.
Labour Day is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest.
The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions is a national trade union center, decidedly the largest and probably the most influential umbrella organization of labour unions in Norway. The 21 national unions affiliated to the LO have almost 1,000,000 members of a Norwegian population of 5 million. The majority of affiliated unions organizes traditional blue collar workers, but the largest affiliate is the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees which makes up more than a third of all members. LO is affiliated to the ITUC and the ETUC.
A national trade union center is a federation or confederation of trade unions in a country. Nearly every country in the world has a national trade union center, and many have more than one. In some regions, such as the Nordic countries, different centers exist on a sectoral basis, for example, for blue collar workers and professionals.
The International Centre for Trade Union Rights (ICTUR) is "an organizing and campaigning body with the fundamental purpose of defending and improving the rights of trade unions and trade unionists throughout the world." ICTUR has accredited status with both the United Nations and the International Labour Organization.
The General Confederation of Trade Unions or GCTU is an international trade union confederation. It was founded on 16 April 1992 and incorporates members from the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council is the third largest trade union federation in Hong Kong, after the Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and pro-Beijing Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (FLU). It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.
The Federation of Trade Unions of Kazakhstan (FTUK) is a national trade union center in Kazakhstan. It has a membership of 1.5 million, and is the successor organization to the official trade unions of the communist era.
The South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union (SAAPAWU) was a trade union representing agricultural and plantation workers in South Africa.
Trade unions in Albania have had an unstable existence in recent decades, mirroring the regional political turbulance in Albania. Since the 1991 defeat of the Albanian Party of Labour (APL), independent trade unions have asserted themselves, with two main national trade union centres; the United Independent Albanian Trade Unions (BSPSh) and the Confederation of Trade Unions (KSSh).
European Union–Kazakhstan relations are the international relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the common foreign policy and trade relations of the European Union.
The Eurasian Economic Union is an economic union of five post-Soviet states located in Eurasia. The EAEU has an integrated single market. As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a gross domestic product of over $2.4 trillion.
The Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan, previously known as the Socialist Resistance of Kazakhstan from 2006 to 2011, is a banned communist political organisation in Kazakhstan. It is active in a number of cities but operates primarily in Almaty.
The Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (HKFLU), established in 1984, is the second largest trade union in Hong Kong, after the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, having 82 trade unions and more than 60,000 members in total. The federation was established in 1984.
The South African Trades Union Congress (TUC) was a national trade union federation in South Africa.
The South African Federation of Trade Unions (SAFTU) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 2017, and is the second largest of the country's main trade union confederations, with 21 affiliated trade unions organising 800,000 workers.
Trade unions in Norway first emerged with the efforts of Marcus Thrane and the formation of the Drammen Labour Union in 1848 which organised agricultural workers and crofters. However, with Thrane's imprisonment and the suppression of the union in 1855, it was not until 1872 before a union was founded again, by print workers. In 1899 the first national federation, the LO, was founded. During this period interactions with trade unions in Denmark and Sweden played a great influence over the development of trade unions in Norway.
The "Amanat" Commonwealth of Trade Unions is a national trade union centre in Kazakhstan that was established on 7 June 2017 following the liquidation of the Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Kazakhstan in late 2016 by the Kazakh government. According to leader Andrei Prigor, the AKD was formed as an alternative to the established trade unions in Kazakhstan addressing labour disputes with an intent of balancing worker relations. It also seeks to change the Labour Code of Kazakhstan to more compliant within the framework of the existing Civil Code.
References
- ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
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