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A cisgender person has a gender identity that matches their sex assigned at birth. A person whose sex was assigned male at birth and identifies as a boy or a man, or someone whose sex was assigned female at birth and identifies as a girl or a woman, is considered cisgender. This is the case for the majority of human beings.
Heteronormativity is the concept that heterosexuality is the preferred or normal mode of sexual orientation. It assumes the gender binary and that sexual and marital relations are most fitting between people of opposite sex.
Transfeminism, or trans feminism, is a branch of feminism focused on transgender women and informed by transgender studies.
Sexual attraction to transgender people has been the subject of scientific study and social commentary. Psychologists have researched sexual attraction toward trans women, cross dressers, non-binary people, and a combination of these. Publications in the field of transgender studies have investigated the attraction transgender individuals can feel for each other. The people who feel this attraction to transgender people name their attraction in different ways. Cisgender men attracted to transgender women primarily identify as heterosexual and sometimes as bisexual, but rarely as homosexual, and may even regard their attraction as its sexual orientation and invent their own terms for it. Transgender individuals often call their attraction to other transgender people T4T and may consider it both a sexual identity and a form of political identity.
Sheila Jeffreys is a former professor of political science at the University of Melbourne, born in England. A lesbian feminist scholar, she analyses the history and politics of human sexuality.
The Sex Orientation Scale (SOS) was Harry Benjamin's attempt to classify and understand various forms and subtypes of transvestism and transsexualism in biological males, published in 1966. It was a seven-point scale ; it was analogous to the Kinsey Scale as it relates to sexual orientation, which also had seven categories. Much like Kinsey's understanding of sexual orientation, Benjamin understood the nature of gender identity and gender expression not as a discrete scale, but as a spectrum, a continuum with many variations. However the Benjamin scale does not reflect a modern understanding of gender identity and is not useful as a contemporary diagnostic tool, especially due to its conflation of gender identity with sexual orientation.
The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male is a 1979 book critical of transsexualism by American radical feminist author and activist Janice Raymond. The book is derived from Raymond's dissertation, which was produced under the supervision of the feminist theologian Mary Daly.
Del LaGrace Volcano is an American artist, performer, and activist from California. A formally trained photographer, Volcano's work includes installation, performance and film and interrogates the performance of gender on several levels, especially the performance of masculinity and femininity.
Paisley Currah is political scientist and author, known for his work on the transgender rights movement. His book, Sex Is as Sex Does: Governing Transgender Identity examines the politics of sex classification in the United States. He is a professor of political science and women's and gender studies at Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He was born in Ontario, Canada, received a B.A. from Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario and an M.A and Ph.D. in Government from Cornell University. He lives in Brooklyn.
A kothi in the culture of the Indian subcontinent, is a man or boy who takes on an "effeminate" role in same sex relationships, often with a desire to be the penetrated member in sexual intercourse. The origins of the term Kothi are unclear. The original meaning was intended as a slur, similar to "fag" or "sissy." Local equivalents include durani (Kolkata), menaka (Cochin), meti (Nepal), and zenana (Pakistan). The male partners who perform the penetrative acts are known as Panthi.
Susan O'Neal Stryker is an American professor, historian, author, filmmaker, and theorist whose work focuses on gender and human sexuality. She is a professor of Gender and Women's Studies, former director of the Institute for LGBT Studies, and founder of the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona, and is currently on leave while holding an appointment as Barbara Lee Distinguished Chair in Women's Leadership at Mills College. Stryker serves on the Advisory Council of METI and the Advisory Board of the Digital Transgender Archive. Styker, who is a transgender woman, is the author of several books about LGBT history and culture. She is a leading scholar of transgender history.
Amber L. Hollibaugh is an American writer, filmmaker and political activist, largely concerned with feminist and sexual politics.
Feminist views on transgender topics vary widely. Third-wave feminists and fourth-wave feminists tend to view the struggle for trans rights as an integral part of intersectional feminism. Former president of the American National Organization for Women (NOW) Terry O'Neill has stated that the struggle against transphobia is a feminist issue, with NOW affirming that "trans women are women, trans girls are girls." Several studies have found that people who identify as feminists tend to be more accepting of trans people than those who do not.
Transgender studies, also called trans studies or trans* studies, is an interdisciplinary field of academic research dedicated to the study of gender identity, gender expression, and gender embodiment, as well as to the study of various issues of relevance to transgender and gender variant populations. Interdisciplinary subfields of transgender studies include applied transgender studies, transgender history, transgender literature, transgender media studies, transgender anthropology and archaeology, transgender psychology, and transgender health. The research theories within transgender studies focus on cultural presentations, political movements, social organizations and the lived experience of various forms of gender nonconformity. The discipline emerged in the early 1990s in close connection to queer theory. Non-transgender-identified peoples are often also included under the "trans" umbrella for transgender studies, such as intersex people, crossdressers, drag artists, third gender individuals, and genderqueer people.
Morty Diamond is a filmmaker, artist, performer, and writer from the United States who has worked alongside the LGBT community for over 14 years. Diamond has written and edited three books, which all focus on transgender topics, and has also made two films which explore LGBT subjects.
TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering transgender studies, with an emphasis on cultural studies and the humanities. Established in 2014 and published by Duke University Press, it is the first non-medical journal about transgender studies.
Homonormativity is the privileging of heteronormative ideals and constructs onto LGBT culture and identity. It is predicated on the assumption that the norms and values of heterosexuality should be replicated and performed among homosexual people. Homonormativity selectively privileges cisgendered homosexuality as worthy of social acceptance.
Gender-critical feminism, also known as trans-exclusionary radical feminism or its acronym TERF, is an ideology or movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology", the concept of gender identity and transgender rights, especially gender self-determination, as proposed by mainstream feminist and LGBT rights organizations. In contrast with most third and fourth wave feminists, the gender-critical movement typically maintains that the immutability of sex assigned at birth, which gender-critical feminists often refer to as "biological sex", implies that trans women are not women and trans men are not men.
Cisnormativity or cissexual assumption is the assumption that everyone is, or ought to be, cisgender. The term can further refer to a wider range of presumptions about gender assignment, such as the presumption of a gender binary, or expectations of conformity to gender roles even when transgender identities are otherwise acknowledged. Cisnormativity is a form of cisgenderism, an ideology which promotes various normative ideas about gender, to the invalidation of individuals' own gender identities, analogous to heterosexism or ableism.
References
- ↑ Trier-Bieniek, Adrienne; Householder, April Kalogeropoulos (12 July 2016). Feminist Perspectives on Orange Is the New Black: Thirteen Critical Essays. McFarland. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-4766-2519-5.
- ↑ Srinivasan, Amia (19 August 2021). The Right to Sex: Shortlisted for the Orwell Prize 2022. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5266-4525-8.
- ↑ Banerjea, Niharika; Browne, Kath; Ferreira, Eduarda; Olasik, Marta; Podmore, Julie (2019). Lesbian Feminism: Essays Opposing Global Heteropatriarchies. Zed Books. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-78699-532-2.
- ↑ Beck, Koa (7 September 2021). White Feminism: From the Suffragettes to Influencers and Who They Leave Behind. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-3442-6.
- ↑ Rossiter, Hannah (2016). The Cotton Ceiling and the Ghost Penis: Sex, Sexual Orientation and a Transwoman's Body. Conference of the Sociological Association of Aotearoa New Zealand.
- ↑ Steinbock, Eliza (2014). "Pornography". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 156–158. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399893 – via Duke University Press.
- ↑ Kaas, Hailey (2016). "Birth of Transfeminism in Brazil: Between Alliances and Backlashes". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 3 (1–2): 146–149. doi:10.1215/23289252-3334307 – via Duke University Press.
- ↑ Zamantakis, Alithia (2021-12-13). Thinking Cis: Racialized Cissexism, Cis-Heterosexual Men, And Cis-LBQ Women. Georgia State University (Thesis). doi:10.57709/26163765.
- ↑ Steinbock, Eliza (2017-08-08). "Representing trans sexualities". In Smith, Clarissa (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Media, Sex and Sexuality. Routledge Handbooks Online. doi:10.4324/9781315168302. ISBN 978-1-138-77721-7. S2CID 158377654.
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