Serum Institute of India (SII) is an Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals company. It is the world's largest manufacturer of vaccines located in the city of Pune, India and was founded by Cyrus Poonawalla in 1966. The company is a subsidiary of the holding company Poonawalla Investment and Industries.
A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). Prior to the COVID‑19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of coronaviruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various vaccine platforms during early 2020. The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness. On 10 January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequence data was shared through GISAID, and by 19 March, the global pharmaceutical industry announced a major commitment to address COVID-19. The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread, severity, and death caused by COVID-19.
Sputnik V or Gam-COVID-Vac is an adenovirus viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia. It is the world's first registered combination vector vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19, having been registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health.
The Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, previously known as the N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology is a Russian medical-research institute headquartered in Moscow. As of 2020 it operates under the purview of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The institute, founded in 1891 by Filipp Markovich Blyumental, has commemorated in its name the prominent Ukrainian, Russian and Soviet scientist Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya (1859-1949), famed as a pioneer in microbiology and in vaccine research. The institute has developed a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in collaboration with the 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense and the Vector Institute of the Rospotrebnadzor in order to curb the COVID-19 pandemic.
CoronaVac, also known as the Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine, is an inactivated virus COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese company Sinovac Biotech. It was Phase III clinical trialled in Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Turkey and relies on traditional technology similar to BBIBP-CorV and Covaxin, other inactivated-virus COVID-19 vaccines. CoronaVac does not need to be frozen and both the final product and the raw material for formulating CoronaVac can be transported refrigerated at 2–8 °C (36–46 °F), temperatures at which flu vaccines are kept.
EpiVacCorona is a peptide-based vaccine against COVID-19 developed by the VECTOR center of Virology. It consists of three chemically synthesized peptides that are conjugated to a large carrier protein. This protein is a fusion product of a viral nucleocapsid protein and a bacterial MBP protein. The third phase of a clinical trial, which should show whether the vaccine is able to protect people from COVID-19 or not, was launched in November 2020 with more than three thousand participants. The interim results of the Phase III study are expected to be announced in late 2021 or early 2022. According to the vaccine developers, the peptides and the viral part of the chimeric protein should immunize people who received this vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and trigger the production of protective antibodies. However, some experts in the field have expressed concerns about the selection of peptides for use as vaccine antigens. In addition, there are also serious concerns about the vaccine immunogenicity data, which have fueled independent civic research efforts and criticism by some experts. Meanwhile, the EpiVacCorona has received vaccine emergency authorization in a form of government registration in Russia and is available for vaccination outside the clinical trials. The vaccine delivered via intramuscular route and aluminum hydroxide serves as an immunological adjuvant.
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Russia is an ongoing mass immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country. Mass vaccinations began in December 2020, starting with primarily doctors, medical workers and teachers, and in January 2021, this was extended to the entire population.
CoviVac is an inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chumakov Centre, which is an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was approved for use in Russia in February 2021, being the third COVID-19 vaccine to get approval in Russia. It obtained a permission for phase III clinical trial on 2 June 2021.
The ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine, codenamed hAd5, is a non replicating viral vector COVID-19 vaccine developed by the United States-based ImmunityBio.
QazCovid-in, commercially known as QazVac, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems in Kazakhstan. QazCoVac-P is a second COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Kazakh Biosafety Research Institute and in clinical trials.
Nanocovax is a Vietnamese COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC. It is a subunit vaccine.
The COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam is an ongoing immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country. Following the approval of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine on 30 January 2021, vaccinations commenced on 8 March 2021, and will continue throughout the year with the goal of vaccinating 80% of the population by June 2022. The Sputnik V was later approved for use on 23 March 2021. Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was approved for emergency use on 4 June 2021, while Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and Janssen COVID-19 vaccine were approved on 12 June 2021, 29 June 2021, and 15 July 2021, respectively.
Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by the Vaccine and Biological Production Company No. 1 (Vabiotech) in Vietnam.
TURKOVAC is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Health Institutes of Turkey and Erciyes University.
NDV-HXP-S is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by a team led by Jason McLellan at the University of Texas at Austin, together with groups from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Vaccine Research Center, based on an improved spike protein central to its resilience and efficacy.
COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan is an ongoing immunization campaign against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in response to the ongoing pandemic in the country.
COVI-VAC is a COVID-19 vaccine being developed by Codagenix, Inc. It is a live attenuated vaccine administered intranasally and requires a single dose. It is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials, involving 48 participants which runs from December 2020 to June 2021.
ARCT-154, also known as VBC-COV19-154 in Vietnam, is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Arcturus Therapeutics. For its development, Arcturus collaborated with Vinbiocare, a Vietnamese company, for support with clinical trials and manufacturing.
COVID-19 vaccine clinical research is the clinical research on COVID-19 vaccines, including their efficacy, effectiveness and safety. There are 22 vaccines authorized for use by national governments, with six vaccines being approved for emergency or full use by at least one WHO-recognised stringent regulatory authority; and five of them are in Phase IV. 204 vaccines under clinical trials that have not yet been authorized. There are also nine clinical trials on heterologous vaccination courses.
