Transport in Ethiopia is overseen by the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Over the last years, the Ethiopian federal authorities have significantly increased funding for rail and road construction to build an infrastructure, that allows better economic development.
Addis Ababa is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. In the 2007 census, the city's population was estimated to be 2,739,551 inhabitants. Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial and administrative centre of Ethiopia.
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft by its inherently violent nature ; whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft".
In criminology, blue-collar crime is any crime committed by an individual from a lower social class as opposed to white-collar crime which is associated with crime committed by someone of a higher-level social class. While blue-collar crime has no official legal classification, it holds to a general net group of crimes. These crimes are primarily small scale, for immediate beneficial gain to the individual or group involved in them. This can also include personal related crimes that can be driven by immediate reaction, such as during fights or confrontations. These crimes include but are not limited to: Narcotic production or distribution, sexual assault, theft, burglary, assault or murder.
Street crime is a loose term for any criminal offense in a public place. According to London's Metropolitan Police Force, "Robbery, often called 'mugging', and thefts from victims in the street where their property is snatched and the victim is not assaulted are also considered 'street crime'." Examples of street crime include pickpocketing, the open illegal drugs trade, prostitution in the form of soliciting outside the law, the creation of graffiti and vandalism of public property, and assaults. As a generic term, street crime may include all of these, as well as offenses against private properties such as the stealing of hub caps.
The history of Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia, formally begins with the founding of the city in the 19th century by Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II and his wife Empress Taytu Betul. In its first years the city was more like a military encampment than a town. The central focus was the emperor’s palace, which was surrounded by the dwellings of his troops and of his innumerable retainers. In the 1920s, Addis Ababa experienced a significant economic upturn, marked by a surge in the number of middle-class-owned buildings, including stone houses furnished with imported European furniture. The middle class also introduced newly manufactured automobiles and expanded banking institutions. Urbanization and modernization persisted during the Italian occupation, guided by a masterplan aimed at transforming Addis Ababa into a more "colonial" city, a trajectory that continued beyond the occupation. Subsequent master plans, formulated from the 1940s onward with the input of European consultants, focused on the development of monuments, civic structures, satellite cities, and the inner city.
Crime in Zimbabwe, falls under the purview of the Ministry of Home Affairs who oversee the Zimbabwe Republic Police and the Ministry of Justice. The majority of crimes are non-violent, common crimes include robbery and "smash and grab" break ins.
Figures on crime in London are based primarily on two sets of statistics: the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and police recorded crime data. Greater London is generally served by three police forces; the Metropolitan Police which is responsible for policing the vast majority of the capital, the City of London Police which is responsible for The Square Mile of the City of London and the British Transport Police, which polices the national rail network and the London Underground. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public. London also has a number of small constabularies for policing parks. Within the Home Office crime statistic publications, Greater London is referred to as the London Region.
The following is a historical events of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, including its formation prior to 20th century by chronology.
Arada is a district of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Arada got its name from the Oromo "Ardaa Gabaa," meaning "Market Venue." "Ardaa" is a term the Oromo commonly use for places where folks from different directions gather. Initially, they also called it "Birbirsa Gooroo". Over time, the name evolved to signify an urban and modern life style. As of 2011 Arada's population was of 226,000. Arada is one of 10 districts of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Arada is a center of culture and education, with a great number of schools, cultural establishments and annual cultural events. Arada is one of the oldest parts of Addis Ababa and early history is most apparent. Its narrow, sloping streets are dotted with beautiful old one- and two-storey buildings variously adorned with verandas, pillars, bay windows and other decorations in accordance with Indian, Middle-Eastern and European styles. Despite that, there are newer areas. The district's heart is Piazza, a bustling commercial area centered on De Gaulle Square; the imposing city hall, the seat of the city government, built in 1965, and the octagonal neoclassical St Georges Cathedral, built to commemorate Emperor Menelik's defeat of the Italians in the battle of Adwa in 1896 and named after Ethiopia's patron saint Its bustling streets are dotted with stores and boutiques offering European clothing, jewelry, and a variety of other things at relatively greater rates than in other sections of the city.
The 1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign, or "Stern Blow" Anti-crime Campaign of 1983, was a massive anti-crime campaign initiated by Deng Xiaoping beginning in September 1983, then paramount leader of China. The campaign lasted for three years and five months, and was launched largely as a result of the nationwide worsening public safety post Cultural Revolution initiated by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976 during which rapes, murders, robberies, and arson occurred en-masse and even cannibalism took place in some parts of China due to the breakdown of social order and the public security system during that time.
Urbanization of Addis Ababa began in late 19th century in a site of Finfinne inhabited by various Oromo clans, and Emperor Menelik II formed permanent settlement for his army and nobles. In 1881, he transferred his capital to Entoto, a vicinity area of Addis Ababa, ultimately relocated in Addis Ababa in 1886; he along with his wife Empress Taytu Betul founded it after finding Entoto undesirable due to coldy climate location, and abundance of hot mineral springs believed to have health effects in Addis Ababa. In 1890s, Addis Ababa saw rapid population growth due to factors related to 1889–1892 famine and immigration to the area and mobilisation of traditional militias and other associated immigrants after the Battle of Adwa (1896).
Transport in Addis Ababa includes cars, buses and light rail. In several occasions, these services often foiled with structural problems that impacts urban mobility. Anbessa Bus, Higer Bus and Star Alliance Bus are popular buses in Addis Ababa. Besides, share taxis such as sedan and blue and white minibuses are typical mode of transportation still today, carrying up to 12 passengers.
Addis Ababa's economy is growing rapidly and become leading among cities in Ethiopia. Over the last two decades, the city shifted to development-oriented programmes and privatization. In late 1990s, the Office for Revision of Addis Ababa's Master Plan (ORAAMP) and National Urban Planning Institute (NUPI) were launched to analyze the economic status of the city. The city covered 29% of Ethiopia's GDP and 20% of national urban development as of 2022.
Crime in Ethiopia includes various techniques ranging from petty theft to homicide. Motivations of crime include high unemployment rate, lack of basic needs of life, housing and education. Rapid population growth also contributed to increase the criminal rate in Ethiopia. In Addis Ababa, crimes include robbery, pickpocketing, scamming and burglary among others are common, although the lowest rate compared to other African cities and within the country.
Rural flight in Ethiopia has shaped the country socioeconomic, cultural, political and urban way of life. Many migrants migrated from rural areas to urban areas for the reasons of living better life and well-being as well as hoping to enroll in new job. However, the migration pattern have frequently impacted sociability tendencies as well as low resources in urban community. Eventually may create fear, insecurity and hopelessness to life.
The Addis Ababa Federal Police is the law enforcement division of the Ethiopian Federal Police operating in Addis Ababa City Administration. Established in 2003 by Proclamation of Council of Ministers No.96/2003, it has the main duty of safeguard public security and peace and comply to the Constitution and the law of the country by preventing crimes. It is administered by the Addis Ababa City Administration Police Commission, which is responsible to the Federal Police Commission of Ethiopia.
The relations between Oromia and Addis Ababa has been great controversy as the subject sparked historical revisionism in the linkage of history of Addis Ababa. The area in the present day Addis Ababa called Finfinne where various Oromo pastoralists inhabited the region, and the emergence of Abyssinian expansionism under Emperor Menelik II which renamed the area as Addis Ababa in 1886. Throughout the 20th century, Addis Ababa was governed as the capital city of the Ethiopia under urban influence.
Housing in Ethiopia has been improving over past decades. About 70% of housing units are requiring total replacement whereas 30% are in fair condition. 20–27% are in adequate sanitation and 19.4% in rural areas at national level. However, there are still slum areas particularly in Addis Ababa where 80% of areas experienced sanitation problem and health and safety risks.
