Campaign of Tula | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of Russo-Crimean Wars | |||||||
Devlet I Giray before the march to Tula with his army | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Crimean Khanate Ottoman Empire | Russia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Devlet I Giray Cambirday † | Ivan IV Vasilyevich Andrey Kurbsky (WIA) Mikhail Vorotynsky Ivan Sheremetev | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
30,000 | 15,000 |
Crimean campaign of Tula was a camapign of Crimean khan Devlet I Giray against Russian Tsardom to stop the Russian offensive against Kazan. The result of the campaign was the retreat of the Crimean troops and the successful campaign of Russian troops against the Kazan Khanate
In 1552, the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible, was going to destroy the Kazan Khanate and began to prepare for a campaign of Kazan. Mikhail Vorotynsky and the main army went to Kolomna, and Ivan IV, along with Andrei Kurbsky and Ivan Sheremetev , set off on June 16. Arriving in Kolomna, the tsar received news that the Crimeans had moved towards Ryazan. [1]
Russian historian Nikolai Karamzin estimates the Russian army at 15,000 men, while the Crimean army at 30,00. [2]
In the book by Vitaly Penskoi, it is claimed that the Russian tsar complained that only 15,000 people gathered with him on a campaign against Kazan. According to him, the Crimean army was numerically superior to the Russian [3] [4]
The day after the Russian tsar received the news that the Crimean army was moving towards them, he hastily deployed his troops on the banks of the Oka. At that time, the Crimeans captured several Russian people near Ryazan and learned from them that the tsar had deployed troops on the banks of the Oka. This came as a surprise to the Crimean Khan, because he hoped that the Russian troops would march on Kazan, and recalling the experience of 1541, he decided to abandon the campaign, but it was impossible to retreat without doing anything, so Devlet I Giray convened a council of princes, at which he was advised to go to Tula, disobey them he could not, because they had recently brought him to power and the Crimean Khan turned his army on Tula [4]
On June 21, news came that a small Crimean army appeared near Tula, but they robbed several villages and hastily disappeared. [2]
The Russians did not know the goals of the Crimeans, nor whether the Khan himself led the army. However, on June 22, the main Crimean army, led by Devlet I Giray, reappeared at Tula. Having set up camp, the Crimean army began a siege. [5]
On the same day, the Crimean troops began shelling the city and trying to capture it. However, despite all their efforts, the Tula garrison was not only able to successfully defend the fortress, the Russian troops managed to conduct a successful sortie. At this time, the Russian tsar sent his army to Tula. Upon learning of the approach of Russian troops, the Crimean Khan hastily retreated, abandoning the wagons and a small part of his army. By morning, the Crimean army was 40 km from Tula [6]
The ongoing siege of Tula worried Ivan, he decided to carry out a false maneuver in order to gain time for the city, he pretended that his entire army was going to Tula, which forced the khan to temporarily retreat, in fact, only a fast detachment of Prince Vorotynsky and went to the Tatars. [7] The main actions took place between June 22 and 23, on the first day 15,000 Russian troops attacked 30,000 Crimean troops directly near Tula and held the victory, the persecution was organized only by advanced detachments. In the battle, Prince Kurbsky received several severe wounds. [8] On the second day, the Russians were successful again in the rearguard action on Shivron, they captured the Khan's convoy, freeing all the prisoners captured earlier in the vicinity of Tula. [9] Two heavy defeats forced the Crimeans to completely abandon their plans for Kazan, the skillful actions of a weaker Russian detachment allowed the main forces to prepare for a heavy and long siege, which ended with the capture of the city on October 2. [10]
Ivan returned to Kolomna, informed everyone about the victory over the enemy, sent trophies to Moscow and ordered a campaign against Kazan. After an unsuccessful campaign, the Crimean Khan abandoned all attempts to help the Kazan Khanate and retreated to the Crimea. In the same year, the Russian Tsardom captured Kazan.
In 1553, the city of Dedilov was restored, destroyed during the Tatar invasion, and later turned into a fortress
Ivan IV Vasilyevich, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to a fledgling empire, but at an immense cost to its people and long-term economy.
The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Mongol state), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
Devlet I Giray ruled as Crimean Khan during a long and eventful period marked by significant historical events. These events included the fall of Kazan to Russia in 1552, the fall of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia in 1556, and the burning of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars in 1571. Another notable event during Devlet's reign was the defeat of the Crimeans near Moscow in 1572. However, Cossack raids into the Crimea were also common during his reign.
The Vorotynsky family was a Russian noble family which was involved in the politics of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Tsardom of Russia. Their lands lay principally in the Upper Oka region and comprised the towns of Peremyshl and Vorotynsk as well as parts (дольницы) of Novosil and Odoyev.
The Belsky or Belski family was a Ruthenianized princely family of Gediminid origin in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It later defected to the Grand Duchy of Moscow and played a key role during the regency of Ivan IV of Russia. The family started with Ivan Vladimirovich, son of Vladimir Olgerdovich and grandson of Algirdas, and ended with Ivan Dmitrievich Belsky in 1571. The Belsky name was derived from their principal possession of Bely, Tver Oblast.
The Battle of Molodi was one of the key battles of Ivan the Terrible's reign. It was fought near the village of Molodi, 40 miles (64 km) south of Moscow, in July–August 1572 between the 120,000 horde of Devlet I Giray of Crimea and about 60,000–70,000 Russians led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky. The Crimeans had burned Moscow the previous year, but this time they were thoroughly defeated.
The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River.
Meñli I Giray was the khan of the Crimean Khanate and the sixth son of Hacı I Giray.
The Fire of Moscow occurred on 24 May 1571, when the Crimean army led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River, crossed the Ugra River into the Moscow suburbs, and rounded the flank of the 36,000–40,000 men of the Russian army.
The Russo-Kazan Wars was a series of wars fought between the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1437, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
Mehmed I Giray was khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was preceded by his father Meñli I Giray and followed by his son Ğazı I Giray (1523–1524). He gained control of the steppe nomads, put his brother on the throne of Kazan and was killed after taking Astrakhan.
Sahib I Giray was Khan of Kazan for three years and Khan of Crimea for nineteen years. His father was the Crimean Khan Meñli I Giray. Sahib was placed on the throne of Kazan by his ambitious brother Mehmed of Crimea and driven out of Kazan by the Russians. He became Khan of Crimea with Ottoman support and was expelled by the Turks for disobedience. During his reign Crimean troops fought for the Turks and also fought in the North Caucasus. In 1532-1584, during the long reigns of Sahib I Giray, Devlet I Giray and Mehmed II Giray, Crimea was at the height of its power.
Devlet II Giray (1648–1718) was Khan of the Crimean Khanate from 1699 to 1702 and from 1709 to 1713. He was the eldest son of Selim I Giray.
Ğazı II Giray was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. Born in 1554, he distinguished himself in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), gaining the trust of his Ottoman suzerains. He was appointed khan in 1588, after his homeland experienced a period of political turmoil. He failed to capture Moscow during his 1591 campaign against Tsardom of Russia, however he managed to secure a favorable peace treaty two years later. He was then summoned to support his Ottoman allies in the Long Turkish War, taking part in multiple military expeditions centered in Hungary. In late 1596, the Ottoman sultan briefly unseated Ğazı II Giray in favor of Fetih I Giray after heeding the advice of Grand Vizier Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha. He returned to power three months later, continuing his reign until his death in November 1607.
Nur Devlet Giray, was a khan of the Crimean Khanate and the son of Hacı I Giray, the founder of Crimean Khanate.
Mehmed II Giray, the Fat was khan of the Crimean Khanate. During his reign he made at least three campaigns against Persia in the service of the Ottomans. He was overthrown by the Ottoman Empire for refusing another campaign. He was one of the numerous sons of Devlet I Giray. Five of his brothers were later Khans.
The Temryuk War or Crimean-Circassian War of 1551–1556 was a military conflict between the Crimean Khanate and the Kabardian Principality.
The Lithuanian-Muscovite War of 1487–1494 was the war of the Principality of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, united by personal union. Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon.
Battle of Sudbischi a battle that took place between the troops of the Crimean Khanate led by Devlet Giray and the Russian army led by Ivan Sheremetyev. The battle ended with the retreat of the Crimean troops and a Russian victory.
The siege of Polotsk was the siege of the Lithuanian fortress of Polotsk that took place in the winter of 1562 and 1563. The siege is considered one of the largest campaigns of the Russian army in the 16th century. The fall of the city caused a resonance throughout Europe and raised the prestige of the Russian tsar. The siege is considered one of the greatest in the history of Russia before the Empire.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)