Criminal Code of England and Wales

Last updated

The jurisdiction of England and Wales does not have a Criminal Code though such an instrument has been often recommended and attempted. The creation of such a Code would require both consolidation and codification.

Contents

The Law Commission views a comprehensive criminal code as desirable in principle, but not currently feasible as a single undertaking. Its present approach is incremental simplification of discrete offence-areas and procedural law, creating code-ready statutes over time. [1]

History

... with a view to its systematic development and reform, including in particular the codification of [the] law ... and generally the simplification and modernisation of the law. [2]

— A Criminal Code team is set up including academic lawyer Professor Sir John Cyril Smith, the outstanding criminal lawyer of his time. [2]

Arguments for a Code

Attorney-General Sir John Holker said:

Surely, it is a desirable thing that anybody who may want to know the law on a particular subject should be able to turn to a chapter of the Code, and there find the law he is in search of explained in a few intelligible and well-constructed sentences; nor would he have to enter upon a long examination of Russell on Crimes , or Archbold , and other text-books, because he would have a succinct and clear statement before him. [2]

Sir John Smith was, in general an opponent of legal codes but said:

The criminal law is entirely different. It is incoherent and inconsistent. State almost any general principle and you find one or more leading cases which contradict it. It is littered with distinctions which have no basis in reason but are mere historical accidents. I am in favour of codification of the criminal law because I see no other way of reducing a chaotic system to order, of eliminating irrational distinctions and of making the law reasonably comprehensible, accessible and certain. These are all practical objects. Irrational distinctions mean injustice. A is treated differently from B when there is no rational ground for treating him differently; and this is not justice. [2]

Reports of the Royal Commissions

Royal Commission on the Criminal Law

Royal Commission on Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law

Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Indictable Offences

Law Commission Reports and Papers

Codification of the Criminal Law: Law Com. Nos 143 and 177 [12] [13]

Abolition of Ancient Offences: Law Com. No 3 [18]

Imputed Criminal Intent: Law Co. No. 10 [20]

Damage to Property: Law Com. No. 29 [22]

Strict Liability

Forgery and Counterfeit Currency: Law Com. No. 55 [26]

Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform: Law Com. No. 76 [29]

Defences of General Application: Law Com. No. 83 [34]

Mental Element in Crime: Law Com. No. 89 [37]

Territorial and Extraterritorial Extent of the Criminal Law: Law Com. No. 91 [40]

Interference with the Course of Justice: Law Com. No. 96 [43]

Attempt and Impossibility in Relation to Attempt, Conspiracy and Incitement: Law Com. No. 102 [47]

Public Order Offences: Law Com. No. 123 [49]

Offences against Religion and Public Worship: Law Com. No. 145 [52]

Criminal Liability of Corporations

Inchoate Offences: Conspiracy, Attempt and Incitement

Entering and Remaining on Property

Treason, Sedition and Allied Offences

Criminal Libel: Law Com. No. 149 [59]

Poison Pen Letters: Law Com. No. 147 [62]

Computer Misuse: Law Com. No.186 [64]

Rape within Marriage: Law Com. No. 205 [67]

Offences against the Person and General Principles: Law Com. No. 218 [70]

Conspiracy to Defraud: Law Com. No. 228 [73]

Intoxication and Criminal Liability: Law Com. No. 299 [76]

The Year and a Day Rule in Homicide: Law Com. No. 230 [80]

Involuntary Manslaughter: Law Com. No. 237 [83]

Corruption: Law Com. No. 248 [87]

Misuse of Trade Secrets

Fraud: Law Com. No.276 [91]

Partial Defences to Murder: Law Com. No. 290 [94]

Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide: Law Com. No.304 [97]

Participating in Crime: Law Com. Nos 300 [100] and 305 [101]

Bribery: Law Com. No. 313 [105]

Intoxication and Criminal Liability: Law Com. No. 314 [108]

Insanity and Automatism [110]

Kidnapping: Law Com. No. 355 [113]

Public Nuisance and Outraging Public Decency: Law Com. No. 358 [116]

Offences against the Person: Law Com. No. 361 [118]

Firearms: Law Com. No. 363 [121]

Protection of Official Data: Law Com. No. 395 [124]

Misconduct in Public Office: Law Com. No.397 [127]

Abusive and Offensive Online Communications: Law Com. Nos 381 [130] and 399 [131]

Hate Crime: Law Com. Nos 348 [135] and 402 [136]

Automated Vehicles: Law Com. No.404 [140]

Corporate Criminal Liability [145]

Current Ongoing Projects (as at November 2025)

Suggested reading

Books

Chapters in books

Journal articles

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Simplification of the criminal law". Law Commission. Retrieved 6 November 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lord Bingham (1998)
  3. ↑ Farmer, Lindsay (2000). "Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833-45" . Law and History Review. 18 (2): 397–425. doi:10.2307/744300. ISSN   0738-2480. JSTOR   744300.
  4. ↑ "Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill - Hansard - UK Parliament". hansard.parliament.uk.
  5. ↑ Report of the Law Commission on Codification of the Criminal Law (LC No. 143) (PDF). 28 March 1985.
  6. ↑ Law Commission (1989)
  7. ↑ Home Secretary (2002) Justice for All Archived 2007-07-12 at the Wayback Machine , Cm.5563, p.17
  8. ↑ Great Britain. Royal Commission (1971). Reports from the Royal Commission on the Criminal Law with Appendices and Index, 1834-41. Internet Archive. Shannon : Irish University Press. ISBN   9780716511397.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  9. ↑ Great Britain. Royal Commission for Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law (1971). Reports from the Royal Commission on the Criminal Law : with appendices and index, 1843-45. Internet Archive. Shannon : Irish University Press. ISBN   9780716511403.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  10. ↑ Great Britain. Royal Commission for Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law (1971). Reports from the Royal Commission on Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law; with appendices and index, 1845-49. Internet Archive. Shannon : Irish University Press. pp. 9–169. ISBN   978-0-7165-1141-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  11. ↑ Report of the Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Indictable Offences (C. 2345) (PDF). April 1879.
  12. ↑ "Codification of the Criminal Law". Law Commission.
  13. ↑ "Criminal Law: A Criminal Code". Law Commission.
  14. ↑ Law Commission (1985). Criminal Law: Codification of the Criminal Law. Law Com No 143. London: HMSO. ISBN   0102270856.
  15. ↑ Law Commission (1989). A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Vol. 1: Report and Draft Criminal Code Bill). Law Com No 177. London: HMSO. ISBN   0102299897.
  16. ↑ Law Commission (1989). A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Vol. 2: Commentary on Draft Criminal Code Bill). Law Com No 177. London: HMSO. ISBN   0102299897.
  17. ↑ "Hansard, HL, Vol 508 (22 May 1989), Col 2, 56 'Law Commission Report No 177'". hansard.parliament.uk.
  18. ↑ "Abolition of Ancient Offences". Law Commission.
  19. ↑ Law Commission (1966). Report on Abolition of Ancient Offences. Law Com No 3. London: HMSO.
  20. ↑ "Imputed Criminal Intent". Law Commission.
  21. ↑ Law Commission (1989). Report on Imputed Criminal Intent. Law Com No 10. London: HMSO. ISBN   0102299897.
  22. ↑ "Offences or Damage to Property". Law Commission.
  23. ↑ Law Commission (1969). Working Paper on Malicious Damage. Law Com Working Paper No 23. London: HMSO.
  24. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Report on Offences of Damage to Property. Law Com No 29. London: HMSO.
  25. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Working Paper on Strict Liability and the Enforcement of the Factories Act 1961. Law Com Working Paper No 30. London: HMSO.
  26. ↑ "Forgery and Counterfeit Currency". Law Commission.
  27. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Working Paper on Forgery. Law Com Working Paper No 26. London: HMSO.
  28. ↑ Law Commission (1973). Report on Forgery and Counterfeit Currency. Law Com No 55. London: HMSO.
  29. ↑ "Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform". Law Commission.
  30. ↑ Law Commission (1974). Working Paper on Conspiracy to Defraud. Law Com Working Paper No 56. London: HMSO.
  31. ↑ Law Commission (1974). Working Paper on Conspiracies Relating to Morals and Decency. Law Com Working Paper No 57. London: HMSO.
  32. ↑ Law Commission (1975). Working Paper on Conspiracies to Effect a Public Mischief and to Commit a Civil Wrong. Law Com Working Paper No 63. London: HMSO.
  33. ↑ Law Commission (1976). Report on Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform. Law Com No 76. London: HMSO.
  34. ↑ "Defences of General Application". Law Commission.
  35. ↑ Law Commission (1974). Working Paper on Defences of General Application. Law Com Working Paper No 55. London: HMSO.
  36. ↑ Law Commission (1977). Report on Defences of General Application. Law Com No 83. London: HMSO.
  37. ↑ "The Mental Element in Crime". Law Commission.
  38. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Working Paper on the Mental Element in Crime. Law Com Working Paper No 31. London: HMSO.
  39. ↑ Law Commission (1978). Report on the Mental Element in Crime. Law Com No 89. London: HMSO.
  40. ↑ "Territorial and Extra-Territorial Extent of the Criminal Law". Law Commission.
  41. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Working Paper on the Territorial and Extraterritorial Extent of the Criminal Law. Law Com Working Paper No 29. London: HMSO.
  42. ↑ Law Commission (1978). Report on the Territorial and Extra-Territorial Extent of the Criminal Law. Law Com No 91. London: HMSO.
  43. ↑ "Interference with the Course of Justice". Law Commission.
  44. ↑ Law Commission (1970). Working Paper on Perjury and Kindred Offences. Law Com Working Paper No 33. London: HMSO.
  45. ↑ Law Commission (1975). Working Paper on Offences Relating to the Administration of Justice. Law Com Working Paper No 62. London: HMSO.
  46. ↑ Law Commission (1979). Offences Relating to Interference with the Course of Justice. Law Com No 96. London: HMSO.
  47. ↑ "Attempt and Impossibility in Relation to Attempt, Conspiracy and Incitement". Law Commission.
  48. ↑ Law Commission (1980). Attempt and Impossibility in Relation to Attempt, Conspiracy and Incitement. Law Com No 102. London: HMSO.
  49. ↑ "Public Order Offences". Law Commission.
  50. ↑ Law Commission (1982). Working Paper on Offences against Public Order (PDF). Law Com Working Paper No 82. London: HMSO.
  51. ↑ Law Commission (1983). Offences Relating to Public Order. Law Com No 123. London: HMSO.
  52. ↑ "Offences against Religion and Public Worship". Law Commission.
  53. ↑ Law Commission (1972). Working Paper on Parties, Complicity and Liability for the Acts of Another. Law Com Working Paper No 43. London: HMSO.
  54. ↑ Law Commission (1985). Offences against Religion and Public Worship. Law Com No 145. London: HMSO.
  55. ↑ Law Commission (1972). Working Paper on Criminal Liability of Corporations. Law Com Working Paper No 44. London: HMSO.
  56. ↑ Law Commission (1973). Working Paper on Inchoate Offences: Conspiracy, Attempt and Incitement. Law Com Working Paper No 50. London: HMSO.
  57. ↑ Law Commission (1974). Working Paper on Offences of Entering and Remaining on Property. Law Com Working Paper No 54. London: HMSO.
  58. ↑ Law Commission (1977). Working Paper on Treason, Sedition and Allied Offences. Law Com Working Paper No 72. London: HMSO.
  59. ↑ "Criminal Libel". Law Commission.
  60. ↑ Law Commission (1982). Working Paper on Criminal Libel. Law Com Working Paper No 84. London: HMSO.
  61. ↑ Law Commission (1985). Report on Criminal Libel. Law Com No 149. London: HMSO.
  62. ↑ "Poison Pen Letters". Law Commission.
  63. ↑ Law Commission (1985). Poison Pen Letters. Law Com No 147. London: HMSO.
  64. ↑ "Computer Misuse". Law Commission.
  65. ↑ Law Commission (1988). Working Paper on Computer Misuse (PDF). Law Com Working Paper No 110. London: HMSO.
  66. ↑ Law Commission (1989). Report on Computer Misuse (PDF). Law Com No 186. London: HMSO.
  67. ↑ "Rape within Marriage". Law Commission.
  68. ↑ Law Commission (1990). Working Paper on Rape within Marriage. Law Com Working Paper No 116. London: HMSO.
  69. ↑ Law Commission (1992). Report on Rape within Marriage (PDF). Law Com No 205. London: HMSO.
  70. ↑ "Offences against the Person and General Principles". Law Commission.
  71. ↑ Law Commission (1992). Consultation Paper on Offences against the Person and General Principles. Law Com Consultation Paper No 122. London: HMSO.
  72. ↑ Law Commission (1993). Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences against the Person and General Principles. Law Com No 218. London: HMSO.
  73. ↑ "Conspiracy to Defraud". Law Commission.
  74. ↑ Law Commission (1987). Working Paper on Conspiracy to Defraud. Law Com Working Paper No 104. London: HMSO.
  75. ↑ Law Commission (1994). Report on Conspiracy to Defraud. Law Com No 228. London: HMSO.
  76. ↑ "Intoxication and Criminal Liability". Law Commission.
  77. ↑ Law Commission (1993). Consultation Paper on Intoxication and Criminal Liability. Law Com Consultation Paper No 127. London: HMSO.
  78. ↑ Law Commission (1995). Intoxication and Criminal Liability. Law Com No 229. London: HMSO.
  79. ↑ Law Commission (1994). Consultation Paper on Consent and Offences Against the Person. Law Com Consultation Paper No 134. London: HMSO.
  80. ↑ "The Year and a Day Rule in Homicide". Law Commission.
  81. ↑ Law Commission (1994). Consultation Paper on The Year and a Day Rule in Homicide. Law Com Consultation Paper No 136. London: HMSO.
  82. ↑ Law Commission (1995). Legislating the Criminal Code: The Year and a Day Rule in Homicide. Law Com No 230. London: HMSO.
  83. ↑ "Involuntary Manslaugher". Law Commission.
  84. ↑ Law Commission (1994). Consultation Paper on Involuntary Manslaughter. Law Com Consultation Paper No 135. London: HMSO.
  85. ↑ Law Commission (1996). Report on Involuntary Manslaughter. Law Com No 237. London: HMSO.
  86. ↑ Law Commission (1995). Consultation Paper on Consent in the Criminal Law. Law Com Consultation Paper No 139. London: HMSO.
  87. ↑ "Corruption". Law Commission.
  88. ↑ Law Commission (1997). Consultation Paper on Corruption. Law Com Consultation Paper No 145. London: HMSO.
  89. ↑ Law Commission (1998). Legislating the Criminal Code: Corruption. Law Com No 248. London: HMSO.
  90. ↑ Law Commission (1997). Consultation Paper on Misuse of Trade Secrets. Law Com Consultation Paper No 150. London: HMSO.
  91. ↑ "Fraud". Law Commission.
  92. ↑ Law Commission (1999). Consultation Paper on Fraud and Deception. Law Com Consultation Paper No 155. London: HMSO.
  93. ↑ Law Commission (2002). Report on Fraud. Law Com No 276. London: HMSO.
  94. ↑ "Partial Defences to Murder". Law Commission.
  95. ↑ Law Commission (2003). Consultation Paper on Partial Defences to Murder. Law Com Consultation Paper No 173. London: HMSO.
  96. ↑ Law Commission (2004). Report on Partial Defences to Murder Report (PDF). Law Com No 290. London: HMSO.
  97. ↑ "Muder, Manslaughter, Infanticide". Law Commission.
  98. ↑ Law Commission (1999). Consultation Paper on A New Homicide Act for England and Wales?. Law Com Consultation Paper No 177. London: HMSO.
  99. ↑ Law Commission (2007). Report on Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide. Law Com No 304. London: HMSO.
  100. ↑ "Assisting and Encouraging Crime/ Participating in Crime". Law Commission.
  101. ↑ "Assisting and Encouraging Crime/ Participating in Crime". Law Commission.
  102. ↑ Law Commission (1993). Consultation Paper on Assisting and Encouraging Crime. Law Com Consultation Paper No 131. London: HMSO.
  103. ↑ Law Commission (2006). Inchoate Liability for Assisting and Encouraging Crime. Law Com No 300. London: HMSO.
  104. ↑ Law Commission (2007). Participating in Crime. Law Com No 305. London: HMSO.
  105. ↑ "Reforming Bribery". Law Commission.
  106. ↑ Law Commission (2011). Consultation Paper on Reforming Bribery. Law Com Consultation Paper No 185. London: HMSO.
  107. ↑ Law Commission (2009). Report on Reforming Bribery. Law Com No 313. London: HMSO.
  108. ↑ "Intoxication and Criminal liability". Law Commission.
  109. ↑ Law Commission (2009). Intoxication and Criminal Liability. Law Com No 314. London: HMSO.
  110. ↑ "Insanity and automatism".
  111. ↑ "Scoping Paper on Insanity and Automatism" (PDF). Law Commission.
  112. ↑ "Discussion Paper on Insanity and Automatism" (PDF). Law Commission.
  113. ↑ "Kidnapping and related offences". Law Commission.
  114. ↑ Law Commission (2011). Consultation Paper on Kidnapping (PDF). Law Com Consultation Paper No 200. London: HMSO.
  115. ↑ Law Commission (2015). Report on Kidnapping and Related Offences. Law Com No 355. London: HMSO.
  116. ↑ "Public Nuisance and Outraging Public Decency". Law Commission.
  117. ↑ Law Commission (2015). Simplification of Criminal Law: Public Nuisance and Outraging Public Decency. Law Com No 358. London: HMSO.
  118. ↑ "Offences against the person". Law Commission.
  119. ↑ Law Commission (2014). Scoping Consultation Paper on Reform of Offences against the Person. LCCP 217. London: HMSO.
  120. ↑ Law Commission (2015). Report on Reform of Offences against the Person (PDF). Law Com No 361. London: HMSO.
  121. ↑ "Firearms". Law Commission.
  122. ↑ Law Commission (2015). Scoping Paper on Firearms Law. LCCP 224. London: HMSO.
  123. ↑ Law Commission (2015). Report on Firearms Law – Reforms to Address Pressing Problems. Law Com No 363. London: HMSO.
  124. ↑ "Protection of official data". Law Commission.
  125. ↑ Law Commission (2017). Consultation Report on Protection of Official Data (PDF). LCCP 230. London: HMSO.
  126. ↑ Law Commission (2020). Report on Misconduct in Public Office (PDF). Law Com No 395. London: HMSO.
  127. ↑ "Misconduct in public office". Law Commission.
  128. ↑ Law Commission (2016). Consultation Report on Reforming Misconduct in Public Office (PDF). LCCP 250. London: HMSO.
  129. ↑ Law Commission (2020). Report on Misconduct in Public Office (PDF). Law Com No 397. London: HMSO.
  130. ↑ "Abusive and offensive online communications". Law Commission.
  131. ↑ "Reform of the communications offences". Law Commission.
  132. ↑ Law Commission (2018). Scoping Report on Abusive and Offensive Online Communications (PDF). Law Com No 381. London: HMSO.
  133. ↑ Law Commission (2020). Consultation Paper on Hate Crime Laws (PDF). LCCP 249. London: HMSO.
  134. ↑ Law Commission (2021). Report on Modernising Communications Offences (PDF). Law Com No 399. London: HMSO.
  135. ↑ "Hate Crime 2014". Law Commission.
  136. ↑ "Hate crime". Law Commission.
  137. ↑ Law Commission (2014). Hate Crime: Should the Current Offences Be Extended?. Law Com No 348. London: HMSO.
  138. ↑ Law Commission (2020). Consultation Paper on Hate Crime Laws. LCCP 250. London: HMSO.
  139. ↑ Law Commission (2021). Hate Crime Laws: Final Report. Law Com No 402. London: HMSO.
  140. ↑ "Automated vehicles". Law Commission.
  141. ↑ "Preliminary consultation paper on automated vehicles" (PDF). Law Commission.
  142. ↑ "Second Consultation Paper on Automated Vehicles" (PDF). Law Commission.
  143. ↑ "Third Consultation Paper on Automated Vehicles" (PDF). Law Commission.
  144. ↑ "Report on Automated Vehicles" (PDF). Law Commission.
  145. ↑ "Corporate Criminal Liability". Law Commission.
  146. ↑ "Options Paper on Corporate Criminal Liability" (PDF). Law Commission.
  147. ↑ "Consent in the criminal law". Law Commission.
  148. ↑ "Offences against dead bodies". Law Commission.
  149. ↑ "The defence of insanity". Law Commission.
  150. ↑ "Law of homicide". Law Commission.
  151. ↑ "Contempt of court". Law Commission.
  152. ↑ "Defences for victims of domestic abuse who kill their abusers".
  153. ↑ Bohlander, Michael; Birkett, Daley (2014). The Codification of Criminal Law. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN   9781409454663.
  154. ↑ Smith, K. J. M. (1998). Lawyers, legislators, and theorists: developments in English criminal jurisprudence 1800-1957. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. ISBN   0198257236.
  155. ↑ Robinson, Paul H. (1997). Structure and Function in Criminal Law. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN   9780198258865.
  156. ↑ Cornish, W. R.; Clark, G. de N. (1989). Law and society in England: 1750-1950. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ISBN   0421311509.
  157. ↑ Lang, Maurice Eugen (1924). Codification In The British Empire And America. ISBN   9781584776208.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  158. ↑ Stephen, James Fitzjames (1877). A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments). London: Macmillan and Co.
  159. ↑ Cottu, Charles (1800). On the administration of the criminal code in England, and spirit of the English government: by M. Cottu ; [translated exclusively for the Pamphleteer]. Lawbook Exchange. ISBN   978-1-58477-383-2.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  160. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy; Schofield, Philip; Harris, Jonathan; Bentham, Jeremy (1998). Legislator of the world: writings on codification, law, and education. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. ISBN   0198207476.
  161. ↑ Glazebrook, P.R. (Ed.) (1978). Reshaping the Criminal Law: Essays in Honour of Glanville Williams. London: Stevens. ISBN   042045540X.
  162. ↑ Clive, Eric (2010). "Codification of the Criminal Law". Essays in Criminal Law in Honour of Sir Gerald Gordon: 54–69. doi:10.1515/9780748679294-009.
  163. ↑ Chalmers, James; Farmer, Lindsay; Leverick, Fiona (2022). Essays in Criminal Law in Honour of Sir Gerald Gordon. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN   9780748640706.
  164. ↑ Wright, Barry; Chan, Wing Cheong; Yeo, Stanley (2011). Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code: the legacies and modern challenges of criminal law reform. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate. doi:10.4324/9781315572499-18. ISBN   9781409424420.
  165. ↑ Herring, Jonathan (2022). Criminal law: text, cases, and materials (10 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780192855923.
  166. ↑ Chalmers, J. (2014). "'Frenzied Law Making': Overcriminalization by Numbers". Current Legal Problems. 67 (1): 483–502. doi:10.1093/clp/cuu001.
  167. ↑ Lavery, Jenny (December 2010). "Codification of the Criminal Law: An Attainable Ideal?". The Journal of Criminal Law. 74 (6): 557–578. doi:10.1350/jcla.2010.74.6.669.
  168. ↑ Ferguson, Pamela R. (March 2009). "Constructing a Criminal Code". Criminal Law Forum. 20 (1): 139–161. doi:10.1007/s10609-008-9091-8.
  169. ↑ Dennis, Ian (2009). "RIP: The Criminal Code (1968-2008) (Editorial)". Criminal Law Review. Jan: 1.
  170. ↑ Ferguson, Pamela (2004). "Codifying criminal law (2): the Scots and English draft codes compared". Criminal Law Review. Feb: 105-119.
  171. ↑ Samuels, Alec (June 2003). "Why Do We Not Have a Criminal Code?". The Journal of Criminal Law. 67 (3): 214–219. doi:10.1177/002201830306700305.
  172. ↑ Dennis, Ian (2003). "The Law Commission and codification of the criminal law: Part 35 (Editorial)". Criminal Law Review (Jul): 431–432.
  173. ↑ Dennis, Ian (2001). "Reviving the criminal code (Editorial)". Criminal Law Review (Apr): 261-264.
  174. ↑ Farmer, Lindsay (2000). "Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833–45". Law and History Review. 18 (2): 397–426. doi:10.2307/744300.
  175. ↑ Robinson, Paul H. (2000). "Structuring Criminal Codes to Perform Their Function". Buffalo Criminal Law Review. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1525/nclr.2000.4.1.1.
  176. ↑ Arden, Mary (1999). "Criminal law at the crossroads: the impact of human rights from the Law Commission's perspective and the need for a code". Criminal Law Review (Jun): 439–459.
  177. ↑ Bingham of Cornhill, Lord Justice (1998). "A criminal code: must we wait for ever?". Criminal Law Review (Oct): 694-696.
  178. ↑ Smith, J. C. (1995). "The Law Commission's Criminal Law Bill: A Good Start for the Criminal Code". Statute Law Review. 16 (2): 105–108. doi:10.1093/slr/16.2.105.
  179. ↑ Brooke, Justice (1995). "The Role of the Law Commission in Simplifying Statute Law". Statute Law Review. 16 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/slr/16.1.1.
  180. ↑ Samuels, Alec (1992). "Drafting the Criminal Code". Statute Law Review. 13 (3): 229–239. doi:10.1093/slr/13.3.229.
  181. ↑ Gardner, Simon (1992). "Reiterating the Criminal Code". The Modern Law Review. 55 (6): 839–847.
  182. ↑ Wells, Celia (1992). "Moral boundaries and the criminal codes". New Law Journal. 142 (6564): 1133–1134.
  183. ↑ Ashworth, Andrew (1992). "Legislating the criminal code". Criminal Law Review (Jun): 393–395.
  184. ↑ Smith, A.T.H (1992). "Legislating the criminal code: the Law Commission's proposals". Criminal Law Review (Jun): 396–406.
  185. ↑ Ashworth, Andrew (1990). "Codifying English criminal law (Editorial)". Criminal Law Review (Mar): 141–142.
  186. ↑ Midland Circuit (1990). "Lord Chief Justice Cockburn's letters on the Criminal Code Bill of 1879". Criminal Law Review (May): 315–317.
  187. ↑ Búrca, Gráinne De; Gardner, Simon (1990). "The Codification of Criminal Law". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 10 (4): 559–571. doi:10.1093/ojls/10.4.559.
  188. ↑ Cowley, David (1 February 1990). "Codification of the Criminal Law". The Journal of Criminal Law. 54 (1): 98–99. doi:10.1177/002201839005400105.
  189. ↑ Ashworth, Andrew (1989). "A criminal code for England and Wales (Editorial)". Criminal Law Review (Jun): 393–394.
  190. ↑ Editorial (1989). "Criminal law codification". New Law Journal. 139 (6404): 529.
  191. ↑ Buxton, Richard (1989). "The Law Commissions' Criminal Code". New Law Journal. 139 (6407): 639.
  192. ↑ Smith, J C (30 October 2012). "Codification of the Criminal Law". The Denning Law Journal. 2 (1): 137–150. doi:10.5750/dlj.v2i1.164.
  193. ↑ Smith, A.T.H. (1986). "Codification of the criminal law - Part 1: The case for a code". Criminal Law Review (May): 285–295.
  194. ↑ Bennion, Francis (1986). "Codification of the criminal law - Part 2: The technique of codification". Criminal Law Review (May): 295–302.
  195. ↑ Ashworth, Andrew (1986). "Codification of the criminal law - Part 3: The draft code, complicity and the inchoate offences". Criminal Law Review (May): 303–314.
  196. ↑ Wells, Celia (1986). "Codification of the criminal law - Part 4: Restatement or reform". Criminal Law Review (May): 314–323.
  197. ↑ Wasik, Martin (1986). "Codification: Mental Disorder and Intoxication under the Draft Criminal Code". The Journal of Criminal Law. 50 (4): 393–404. doi:10.1177/002201838605000407.
  198. ↑ Clarkson, C. M. V.; Keating, H. M. (1986). "Codification: Offences against the Person under the Draft Criminal Code". The Journal of Criminal Law. 50 (4): 405–431. doi:10.1177/002201838605000408.
  199. ↑ Ashworth, Andrew (1984). "Influences on the Creation of Criminal Law and Criminal Policy in England". Anglo-American Law Review. 13 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1177/147377958401300201.
  200. ↑ Friedland, M. L. (1981). "R. S. Wright's Model Criminal Code: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Criminal Law". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 1 (3): 307–346. doi:10.1093/ojls/1.3.307.
  201. ↑ Shapiro, Barbara (1975). "Law Reform in Seventeenth Century England". The American Journal of Legal History. 19 (4): 280. doi:10.2307/845054.
  202. ↑ Scarman, Leslie George (1967). "Codification and Judge-Made Law: A Problem of Coexistence". Indiana Law Journal. 42 (3): 3.
  203. ↑ Stone, Ferdinand Fairfax (1955). "A Primer on Codification". Tulane Law Review. 29: 303.
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