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Lipolysis is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes. The most important regulatory hormone in lipolysis is insulin; lipolysis can only occur when insulin action falls to low levels, as occurs during fasting. Other hormones that affect lipolysis include leptin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and cortisol.
Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a technology used by cosmetic and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including hair removal, photorejuvenation as well as to alleviate dermatologic diseases such as acne. IPL is increasingly used in optometry and ophthalmology as well, to treat evaporative dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction.
Breast augmentation and augmentation mammoplasty is a cosmetic surgery procedure, which uses breast-implants and/ or fat-graft mammoplasty technique to increase the size, change the shape, and alter the texture of the breasts. Although in some cases augmentation mammoplasty is applied to correct congenital defects of the breasts and the chest wall in other cases it is performed purely for cosmetic reasons.
Reduction mammoplasty is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery for re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the patient's body, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple–areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity and lactational capability of the breasts. The indications for breast reduction surgery are three-fold – physical, aesthetic, and psychological – the restoration of the bust, of the patient's self-image, and of the patient's mental health.
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation, habitual sleeping positions, loss of body mass, sun damage, or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors. In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet.
Tazarotene, sold under the brand name Tazorac, among others, is a third-generation prescription topical retinoid. It is primarily used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and acne. Tazarotene is also used as a therapeutic for photoaged and photodamaged skin. It is a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids.
A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast. In reconstructive plastic surgery, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast following a mastectomy, to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall or, cosmetically, to enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery.
Injection lipolysis is a controversial cosmetic procedure in which drug mixtures are injected into patients with the goal of destroying fat cells. This practice, using drugs generally based on phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate (PCDC), evolved from the initial intravenous use of those drug formulations to treat blood disorders.
Artefill is a permanent injectable wrinkle filler, for the correction of smile lines. Artefill was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device in October 2006. A prior version of the product called Artecoll has been marketed in Canada and Europe since the 1990s.
Carboxytherapy is a non-surgical cosmetic medicine treatment for dermatology. Carboxytherapy employs injections or transdermal application to infuse gaseous carbon dioxide below the skin into the subcutaneous tissue through a needle or skin. It has a necrotizing effect on fat tissue fat cells, stimulates blood flow, improves the skin's elasticity and reduces the appearance of cellulite. It has also become a popular treatment for stretch marks. It is non-toxic and less invasive than operations like liposuction. Carboxytherapy leads to a temporary decrease in subcutaneous fat but has shown to reoccur again after a 28 week period. It can be applied for those with androgenic alopecia or alopecia areata.
A Neurothekeoma (NT) is a type of rare benign cutaneous tumor that usually develops on the head and neck. They often occur in the second and early third decades of life and tend to afflict women more frequently than men. First described by Richard L Gallager and Elson B. Helwig, who proposed the term in order to reflect the presumed origin of the lesion from nerve sheath. Microscopically, the lesions described closely resembled the tumor, "nerve sheath myxoma (NSM)", an entity first described by Harkin and Reed. The latter had, through the years, been variously described as bizarre cutaneous neurofibroma, myxoma of nerve sheath, and pacinian neurofibroma.
Liposuction, or simply lipo, is a type of fat-removal procedure used in plastic surgery. Evidence does not support an effect on weight beyond a couple of months and does not appear to affect obesity-related problems. In the United States, liposuction is the most common cosmetic surgery.
Cellulite or gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) is the herniation of subcutaneous fat within fibrous connective tissue that manifests as skin dimpling and nodularity, often on the pelvic region, lower limbs, and abdomen. Cellulite occurs in most postpubescent females. A review gives a prevalence of 85–98% of women of European descent, but it is considerably less common in women of East Asian descent. It is believed to be physiological rather than pathological. It can result from a complex combination of factors, including diet, sedentary lifestyle, hormonal imbalance or heredity, among others.
Collagen induction therapy (CIT), also known as microneedling, dermarolling, or skin needling, is a cosmetic procedure that involves repeatedly puncturing the skin with tiny, sterile needles. CIT should be separated from other contexts in which microneedling devices are used on the skin.
Mitchel P. Goldman, is an American dermatologic surgeon, cosmetic surgeon, dermatologist, and phlebologist, and the founder and director of Cosmetic Laser Dermatology. He is also a past president of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, the American College of Phlebology, the San Diego County Dermatology Society, and the Sonoran Dermatology Society.
Non-surgical rhinoplasty is a medical aesthetic procedure in which injectable fillers, most commonly hyaluronic acid ones like Restylane and Juvederm or calcium hydroxyapatite (Radiesse), are used to alter and shape a person's nose without a surgery. The procedure fills in depressed areas on the nose, lifting the angle of the tip or smoothing the appearance of bumps on the bridge. Non surgical rhinoplasty is an augmentation procedure, so it cannot reduce the size of someone's nose. The cosmetic procedure carries the risk of causing serious skin damage or distant complications like blindness. If the filler product is injected into an artery, filler can travel in the arteries and blocks smaller size arteries like ophthalmic artery and cause blindness. If blood vessels of the skin is blocked, skin necrosis can develop. Hyaluronic acid based fillers can be reversed even if injected into a blood vessel with an enzyme called hyaluronidase, which can be also injected like fillers.
Zeltiq Aesthetics is a subsidiary of AbbVie based in Pleasanton, California that markets and licenses devices used for cryolipolysis procedures. The company was founded in 2005 and raised $75 million in funding before going public in 2011. It was acquired by Allergan in February 2017 for $2.48 billion. Which was then acquired by AbbVie in 2020 for $63 billion.
Plasma needling is a minimally invasive aesthetic medical procedure purported to rejuvenate skin, minimize the appearance of hypertrophic and hypotrophic scars and stretchmarks, and reduce pattern hair loss through multimodal physical and biochemical cellular stimulation. It is a combination of classical medical micro-needling by Dermaroller or DermaPen. Both are used in Collagen induction therapy and PRP. The latter is used in Prolotherapy as well as in the Vampire facelift. The effects on fibroblasts, cells, and micro-needling stem cells are published in scientific publications regarding micro-needling, and the injection of PRP, has also been tested as a combined treatment.
Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery with the intention of removing unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction, or noninvasive using laser therapy, radiofrequency, ultrasound or cold to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections.
Stem cellfat grafting is the autotransplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) extracted from fat-abundant donor sites to other areas such as the face, breast, and hip to reconstruct the operative areas into desirable shapes. ADSCs are multipotent stem cells found in adipose tissues, displaying similar differentiation potentials to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs).
References
- 1 2 Kania B, Goldberg DJ (November 2023). "Cryolipolysis: A promising nonsurgical technique for localized fat reduction". J Cosmet Dermatol. 22 (Suppl 3): 1–7. doi: 10.1111/jocd.16039 . PMID 37988716.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Hetzel J, Awad N, Bhupalam V, Nestor M (November 2023). "Cryolipolysis in the United States-Review of the clinical data". J Cosmet Dermatol. 22 (Suppl 3): 8–14. doi: 10.1111/jocd.16029 . PMID 37988714.
- ↑ "Cryolipolysis is the process of freezing fat". www.uclahealth.org. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
- ↑ Derrick CD, Shridharani SM, Broyles JM (September 2015). "The Safety and Efficacy of Cryolipolysis: A Systematic Review of Available Literature". Aesthet Surg J. 35 (7): 830–6. doi:10.1093/asj/sjv039. PMID 26038367.
- 1 2 Ingargiola MJ, Motakef S, Chung MT, Vasconez HC, Sasaki GH (June 2015). "Cryolipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring: safety and efficacy of current treatment paradigms". Plast Reconstr Surg. 135 (6): 1581–1590. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000001236. PMC 4444424 . PMID 26017594.
- 1 2 Cox EA, Nichols DS, Riklan JE, Pomputius A, Mehta SD, Mast BA, Furnas H, Canales F, Sorice-Virk S (December 2022). "Characteristics and Treatment of Patients Diagnosed With Paradoxical Adipose Hyperplasia After Cryolipolysis: A Case Series and Scoping Review". Aesthet Surg J. 42 (12): NP763–NP774. doi:10.1093/asj/sjac219. PMID 35961054.
- ↑ Stroumza N, Gauthier N, Senet P, Moguelet P, Nail Barthelemy R, Atlan M (March 2018). "Paradoxical Adipose Hypertrophy (PAH) After Cryolipolysis". Aesthet Surg J. 38 (4): 411–417. doi:10.1093/asj/sjx159. PMID 29145587.
- ↑ Krueger N, Mai SV, Luebberding S, Sadick NS (2014). "Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction". Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 7: 201–5. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S44371 . PMC 4107833 . PMID 25061326.
- ↑ "Allergan completes acquisition of ZELTIQ Aesthetics, CoolSculpting". Healio. 2017-04-28.