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Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion. It is most commonly thought of as the separation of religion from civil affairs and the state and may be broadened to a similar position seeking to remove or to minimize the role of religion in any public sphere. Secularism may encapsulate anti-clericalism, atheism, naturalism, non-sectarianism, neutrality on topics of religion, or antireligion. As a philosophy, secularism seeks to interpret life based on principles derived solely from the material world, without recourse to religion. It shifts the focus from religion towards "temporal" and material concerns.
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The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, though this is not a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative degrees of civility in different societies, but this concept of a ranking order has since fallen into disrepute in many contemporary cultures.
State atheism or atheist state is the incorporation of hard atheism or non-theism into political regimes. It is considered the opposite of theocracy and may also refer to large-scale secularization attempts by governments. To some extent, it is a religion-state relationship that is usually ideologically linked to irreligion and the promotion of irreligion or atheism. State atheism may refer to a government's promotion of anti-clericalism, which opposes religious institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen. In some instances, religious symbols and public practices that were once held by religions were replaced with secularized versions of them. State atheism in these cases is considered as not being politically neutral toward religion, and therefore it is often considered non-secular.
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[T]he neoconservatives believe that America is special because it was founded on an idea—a commitment to the rights of man embodied in the Declaration of Independence—not in ethnic or religious affiliations. The theocons, too, argue that America is rooted in an idea, but they believe that idea is Christianity.
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Religious violence covers phenomena in which religion is either the subject or the object of violent behavior. All the religions of the world contain narratives, symbols, and metaphors of violence and war. Religious violence is violence that is motivated by, or in reaction to, religious precepts, texts, or the doctrines of a target or an attacker. It includes violence against religious institutions, people, objects, or events. Religious violence includes both acts which are committed by religious groups and acts which are committed against religious groups.
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The term New Atheism describes the positions of some atheist academics, writers, scientists, and philosophers of the 20th and 21st centuries. New Atheism advocates the view that superstition, religion, and irrationalism should not be tolerated. Instead, they advocate the antitheist view that the various forms of theism should be criticised, countered, examined, and challenged by rational argument, especially when they exert strong influence on the broader society, such as in government, education, and politics.
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References
- ↑ "Damon Linker | Department of Political Science". live-sas-www-polisci.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu.
- ↑ "Author Damon Linker biography and book list". freshfiction.com.
- ↑ Wooldridge, Adrian (24 September 2006). "Church as State". The New York Times.
- ↑ "The Theocons: Secular America Under Siege by Damon Linker".
- ↑ Webb, Stephen H. (May 11, 2007). "The Theocons: Secular America Under Siege – By Damon Linker". Conversations in Religion & Theology. 5 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1111/j.1479-2214.2007.00107_1.x – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "The Theocons: Secular America Under Siege". www.libertymagazine.org.
- ↑ Dish, The Daily (October 3, 2010). "The Religious Test". The Atlantic .
- ↑ https://repository.sbts.edu/bitstream/handle/10392/839/2010-09-23.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- ↑ Affairs, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World. "Getting Linker's "Religious Test" wrong". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu.
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