Daniel D. Langleben

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Daniel Langleben is an American psychiatrist, professor, and scientific researcher. He pioneered a technique for using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a means of lie detection. [1] He has also studied the brain effects of packaging and advertising [2] and how infants' cuteness motivates caretaking in adults. [3]

Contents

Biography

He received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1989 and had his postgraduate training in Psychiatry, Addiction Psychiatry, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at the Medical College of Pennsylvania, the Mount Sinai Hospital, UCSF and Stanford University Hospital. [4]

fMRI and lie detection

2001 study

Langleben was inspired to test lie detection while he was at Stanford University studying the effects of a drug on children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). [5] He found that these children have a more difficult time inhibiting the truth. [6] He postulated that lying requires increased brain activity compared to truth because the truth must be suppressed, essentially creating more work for the brain. In 2001, he published his first work with lie detection using a modified form of the Guilty Knowledge Test, which is sometimes used in polygraph tests. [7] The subjects, right-handed, male college students, were given a card and a Yes/No handheld clicker. [8] They were told to lie to a computer asking questions while they underwent a brain scan only when the question would reveal their card. [9] [10] The subjects were given $20 for participating, and told they would receive more money if they deceived the computer; however, none did. [11]

His studies showed that the inferior and superior prefrontal and anterior cingulate gyri and the parietal cortex showed increased activity during deception. [12] In 2002, he licensed his methods for lie detection to the No Lie MRI company located in San Diego, California.

Critiques

Critiques of this technique point out that fMRI does not actually measure lying, only the increased brain activity that occurs when one is lying. Using fMRI for lie detection could then lead to false positives produced by anxiety or other causes. [13]

Another concern is that a "lie" is not always clear-cut, and may be a complex concept. More complex types of deception may not be detected by imaging techniques. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic resonance imaging</span> Medical imaging technique

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve X-rays or the use of ionizing radiation, which distinguishes it from computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. MRI is a medical application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other NMR applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Functional magnetic resonance imaging</span> MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angular gyrus</span> Gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain

The angular gyrus is a region of the brain lying mainly in the posteroinferior region of the parietal lobe, occupying the posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule. It represents the Brodmann area 39.

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging, or BOLD-contrast imaging, is a method used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe different areas of the brain or other organs, which are found to be active at any given time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuroimaging</span> Set of techniques to measure and visualize aspects of the nervous system

Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. Increasingly it is also being used for quantitative research studies of brain disease and psychiatric illness. Neuroimaging is highly multidisciplinary involving neuroscience, computer science, psychology and statistics, and is not a medical specialty. Neuroimaging is sometimes confused with neuroradiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurolaw</span>

Neurolaw is a field of interdisciplinary study that explores the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on legal rules and standards. Drawing from neuroscience, philosophy, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and criminology, neurolaw practitioners seek to address not only the descriptive and predictive issues of how neuroscience is and will be used in the legal system, but also the normative issues of how neuroscience should and should not be used.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the spinal cord is an adaptation of the fMRI method that has been developed for use in the brain. Although the basic principles underlying the methods are the same, spinal fMRI requires a number of specific adaptations to accommodate the periodic motion of the spinal cord, the small cross-sectional dimensions and length of the spinal cord, and the fact that the magnetic field that is used for MRI varies with position in the spinal cord because of magnetic susceptibility differences between bone and tissues. Spinal fMRI has been used to produce maps of neuronal activity at most levels of the spinal cord in response to various stimuli, such as touch, vibration, and thermal changes, and with motor tasks. Research applications of spinal fMRI to date include studies of normal sensory and motor function, and studies of the effects of trauma and multiple sclerosis on the spinal cord.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Default mode network</span> Large-scale brain network active when not focusing on an external task

In neuroscience, the default mode network (DMN), also known as the default network, default state network, or anatomically the medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and angular gyrus. It is best known for being active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering. It can also be active during detailed thoughts related to external task performance. Other times that the DMN is active include when the individual is thinking about others, thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future.

Sophia Frangou is a professor of psychiatry at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai where she heads the Psychosis Research Program. She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and vice-chair of the RCPsych Panamerican Division. She is a Fellow of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) and of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). She served as vice-president for Research of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders from 2010 to 2014. She has also served on the Council of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. She is founding member of the EPA NeuroImaging section and founding chair of the Brain Imaging Network of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. She is one of the two Editors of European Psychiatry, the official Journal of the European Psychiatric Association.

Anders Martin Dale is a prominent neuroscientist and professor of radiology, neurosciences, psychiatry, and cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and is one of the world's leading developers of sophisticated computational neuroimaging techniques. He is the founding Director of the Center for Multimodal Imaging Genetics (CMIG) at UCSD.

Mark Steven Cohen is an American neuroscientist and early pioneer of functional brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging. He currently is a Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology, Psychology, Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Engineering at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Staglin Center for Cognitive Neuroscience. He is also a performing musician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resting state fMRI</span> Type of functional magnetic resonance imaging

Resting state fMRI is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state, when an explicit task is not being performed. A number of resting-state brain networks have been identified, one of which is the default mode network. These brain networks are observed through changes in blood flow in the brain which creates what is referred to as a blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal that can be measured using fMRI.

Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain (fMRS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study brain metabolism during brain activation. The data generated by fMRS usually shows spectra of resonances, instead of a brain image, as with MRI. The area under peaks in the spectrum represents relative concentrations of metabolites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russell Poldrack</span>

Russell "Russ" Alan Poldrack is an American psychologist and neuroscientist. He is a professor of psychology at Stanford University, associate director of Stanford Data Science, member of the Stanford Neuroscience Institute and director of the Stanford Center for Reproducible Neuroscience and the SDS Center for Open and Reproducible Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MRI pulse sequence</span>

An MRI pulse sequence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vince Calhoun</span> American engineer and neuroscientist (Born 1967)

Vince Daniel Calhoun is an American engineer and neuroscientist. He directs the Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), a partnership between Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, and holds faculty appointments at all three institutions. He was formerly the President of the Mind Research Network and a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico.

Sharlene D. Newman is an American cognitive neuroscientist, executive director of the Alabama Life Research Institute at the University of Alabama (UA), Professor in the Department of Psychology at UA, and an adjunct professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University.

fMRI lie detection is a field of lie detection using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). FMRI looks to the central nervous system to compare time and topography of activity in the brain for lie detection. While a polygraph detects anxiety-induced changes in activity in the peripheral nervous system, fMRI purportedly measures blood flow to areas of the brain involved in deception.

Functional MRI imaging methods have allowed researchers to combine neurocognitive testing with structural neuroanatomical measures, take into consideration both cognitive and affective paradigms, and subsequently create computer-aided diagnosis techniques and algorithms. Functional MRI has several benefits, such as its non-invasive quality, relatively high spatial resolution, and decent temporal resolution. One particular method used in recent research is resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, rs-fMRI. fMRI imaging has been applied to numerous behavioral studies for schizophrenia, the findings of which have hinted toward potential brain regions that govern key characteristics in cognition and affect.

References

  1. ↑ Dennis Coon; John Mitterer (1 January 2013). Psychology: A Journey. Cengage Learning. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-133-95782-9.
  2. ↑ Wang, AL; Ruparel, K; Loughead, JW; Strasser, AA; Blady, SJ; Lynch, KG; Romer, D; Cappella, JN; Lerman, C; Langleben, DD (2013). "Content matters: neuroimaging investigation of brain and behavioral impact of televised anti-tobacco public service announcements". J Neurosci. 33 (17): 7420–7427. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3840-12.2013. PMC   3773220 . PMID   23616548.
  3. ↑ Glocker, ML; Langleben, DD; Ruparel, K; Loughead, JW; Valdez, JN; Griffin, MD; Sachser, N; Gur, RC (June 2009). "Baby schema modulates the brain reward system in nulliparous women". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (22): 9115–9119. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9115G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811620106 . PMC   2690007 . PMID   19451625.
  4. ↑ "Daniel D. Langleben". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  5. ↑ Silberman, Steve (2006). "Don't Even Think About Lying". Wired. pp. Issue 14.01. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  6. ↑ Prospect: Politics, Essay, Review. C. Seaford. October 2009.
  7. ↑ Zack Lynch; Byron Laursen (21 July 2009). The Neuro Revolution: How Brain Science Is Changing Our World . St. Martin's Press. pp.  29. ISBN   978-1-4299-8823-0.
  8. ↑ Bonnier Corporation (August 2002). "Popular Science". The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation: 58. ISSN   0161-7370.
  9. ↑ Boy Scouts of America, Inc. (January 2005). "Boys' Life". Boys' Life. Inkprint Edition. Boy Scouts of America, Inc.: 11. ISSN   0006-8608.
  10. ↑ Committee on Science, Technology, Law; Policy and Global Affairs; Committee on the Development of the Third Edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence; Federal Judicial Center; National Research Council (26 September 2011). Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence:: Third Edition. National Academies Press. p. 803. ISBN   978-0-309-21421-6.{{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Allan Pease; Barbara Pease (1 January 2004). Why Men Don't Have a Clue and Women Always Need More Shoes: The Ultimate Guide to the Opposite Sex . Broadway Books. pp.  272. ISBN   978-0-7679-1610-3.
  12. ↑ Langleben, Daniel (2002). "Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study". NeuroImage. 15 (3): 727–32. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1003. PMID   11848716. S2CID   14676750.
  13. ↑ Spence, Sean A. (February 2008). "Playing Devil's Advocate: The case against fMRI lie detection". Legal and Criminological Psychology. 12 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1348/135532507X251597.
  14. ↑ National Academy of Engineering (2 September 2004). Emerging Technologies and Ethical Issues in Engineering:: Papers from a Workshop, October 14-15, 2003. National Academies Press. p. 61. ISBN   978-0-309-16572-3.

Selected publications

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