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Machine learning (ML) is an umbrella term for solving problems for which development of algorithms by human programmers would be cost-prohibitive, and instead the problems are solved by helping machines "discover" their "own" algorithms, without needing to be explicitly told what to do by any human-developed algorithms. Recently, generative artificial neural networks have been able to surpass results of many previous approaches. Machine-learning approaches have been applied to large language models, computer vision, speech recognition, email filtering, agriculture and medicine, where it is too costly to develop algorithms to perform the needed tasks.
Y Combinator Management, LLC (YC) is an American technology startup accelerator launched in March 2005 which has been used to launch more than 4,000 companies. The accelerator program started in Boston and Mountain View, expanded to San Francisco in 2019, and was entirely online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Companies started via Y Combinator include Airbnb, Coinbase, Cruise, DoorDash, Dropbox, Instacart, Reddit, Stripe, and Twitch.
Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people, and promote anti-racism. Its primary concerns are incidents of police brutality and racially motivated violence against black people. It started following the killings of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Rekia Boyd, among others. The movement and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes considered to be related to black liberation. While there are specific organizations that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter," such as the Black Lives Matter Global Network, the overall movement is a decentralized network of people and organizations with no formal hierarchy. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself remains untrademarked by any group. Despite being characterized by some as a violent movement, the overwhelming majority of its public demonstrations have been peaceful.
African-American women in computer science were among early pioneers in computing in the United States, and there are notable African-American women working in computer science.
OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence (AI) organization consisting of the non-profit OpenAI, Inc. registered in Delaware and its for-profit subsidiary corporation OpenAI Global, LLC. OpenAI researches artificial intelligence with the declared intention of developing "safe and beneficial" artificial general intelligence, which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work".
Argo AI was an autonomous driving technology company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The company was co-founded in 2016 by Bryan Salesky and Peter Rander, veterans of the Google and Uber automated driving programs. Argo AI was an independent company that built software, hardware, maps, and cloud-support infrastructure to power self-driving vehicles. Argo was mostly backed by Ford Motor Co. (2017) and the Volkswagen Group (2020).
Ruha Benjamin is a sociologist and a professor in the Department of African American Studies at Princeton University. The primary focus of her work is the relationship between innovation and equity, particularly focusing on the intersection of race, justice and technology. Benjamin is the author of numerous publications, including the books People's Science: Bodies and Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier (2013), Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code (2019) and Viral Justice: How We Grow the World We Want (2022).
Algorithmic bias describes systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create "unfair" outcomes, such as "privileging" one category over another in ways different from the intended function of the algorithm.
Joy Adowaa Buolamwini is a Ghanaian-American-Canadian computer scientist and digital activist based at the MIT Media Lab. Buolamwini introduces herself as a poet of code, daughter of art and science. She founded the Algorithmic Justice League, an organization that works to challenge bias in decision-making software, using art, advocacy, and research to highlight the social implications and harms of artificial intelligence (AI).
The AI Now Institute is an American research institute studying the social implications of artificial intelligence and policy research that addresses the concentration of power in the tech industry. AI Now has partnered with organizations such as the Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR), Data & Society, Ada Lovelace Institute, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York University Center for Data Science, Partnership on AI, and the ACLU. AI Now has produced annual reports that examine the social implications of artificial intelligence. In 2021-2, AI Now’s leadership served as a Senior Advisors on AI to Chair Lina Khan at the Federal Trade Commission. Its executive director is Amba Kak.
Timnit Gebru is an Eritrean Ethiopian-born political activist and computer scientist who works on algorithmic bias and data mining. She is an advocate for diversity in technology and co-founder of Black in AI, a community of Black researchers working in artificial intelligence (AI). She is the founder of the Distributed Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (DAIR).
Ifeoma Yvonne Ajunwa is a Nigerian-American writer, AI Ethics legal scholar, sociologist, and tenured professor of law at the University of North Carolina School Of Law in the United States. She is currently a Visiting Fellow at Yale Law School's Information Society Project (ISP) and she has been a Faculty Associate at the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard Law School since 2017. From 2021–2022, she was a Fulbright Scholar to Nigeria where she studied the role of law for tech start-ups. At UNC Law, she is the Founding Director of the AI Decision-Making Research (AI-DR) Program at UNC Law where she designed and created the first ever clearinghouse for scholarship and research on AI and the Law. She was previously an assistant professor of labor and employment law at Cornell University from 2017–2020, earning tenure there in 2020.
Sandra Wachter is a professor and senior researcher in data ethics, artificial intelligence, robotics, algorithms and regulation at the Oxford Internet Institute. She is a former Fellow of The Alan Turing Institute.
Government by algorithm is an alternative form of government or social ordering where the usage of computer algorithms, especially of artificial intelligence and blockchain, is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration. The term "government by algorithm" appeared in academic literature as an alternative for "algorithmic governance" in 2013. A related term, algorithmic regulation, is defined as setting the standard, monitoring and modifying behaviour by means of computational algorithms – automation of judiciary is in its scope. In the context of blockchain, it is also known as blockchain governance.
The Algorithmic Justice League (AJL) is a digital advocacy non-profit organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 2016 by computer scientist Joy Buolamwini, the AJL uses research, artwork, and policy advocacy to increase societal awareness regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in society and the harms and biases that AI can pose to society. The AJL has engaged in a variety of open online seminars, media appearances, and tech advocacy initiatives to communicate information about bias in AI systems and promote industry and government action to mitigate against the creation and deployment of biased AI systems. In 2021, Fast Company named AJL as one of the 10 most innovative AI companies in the world.
Rashida Richardson is a visiting scholar at Rutgers Law School and the Rutgers Institute for Information Policy and the Law and an attorney advisor to the Federal Trade Commission. She is also an assistant professor of law and political science at the Northeastern University School of Law and the Northeastern University Department of Political Science in the College of Social Sciences and Humanities.
Yeshimabeit "Yeshi" Milner is an American technologist and activist. She is the executive director and co-founder of Data for Black Lives.
Black in AI, formally called the Black in AI Workshop, is a technology research organization and affinity group, founded by computer scientists Timnit Gebru and Rediet Abebe in 2017. It started as a conference workshop, later pivoting into an organization. Black in AI increases the presence and inclusion of Black people in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) by creating space for sharing ideas, fostering collaborations, mentorship, and advocacy.
Tawana Petty is an American author, poet, social justice organizer, mother and youth advocate who works to counter systemic racism. Petty formerly served as Director of Policy and Advocacy for the Algorithmic Justice League representing AJL in national and international processes shaping AI governance.
Gemma Galdón-Clavell is a Spanish technology policy analyst who specializes in ethics and algorithmic accountability. She is a senior adviser to the European Commission and she has also provided advice to other international organisations. Forbes Magazine described her as “a leading voice on tech ethics and algorithmic accountability”.
References
- 1 2 3 Rosenfeld, Maia (February 21, 2019). "University event highlights complexities of data power". The Brown Daily Herald. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ↑ "What Can Local Government Do to Avoid Inequitable Tech?". Governing. 2021-12-05. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ↑ "Data For Black Lives, Inc". Open990. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ Roose, Kevin (2020-12-30). "The 2020 Good Tech Awards". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ↑ "Predictive policing algorithms are racist. They need to be dismantled". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
- ↑ "Yeshimabeit Milner | Ashoka | Everyone a Changemaker". www.ashoka.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ Cocco, Federica; Smith, Alan (July 22, 2020). "Race and America: Why Data Matters" . Financial Times. The Financial Times Limited. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
- 1 2 "Yeshimabeit Milner (2021) | JFK Library". John F. Kennedy New Frontier Awards Recipients. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ↑ "CMU grad student launches data platform to 'dig deeper' into why systems are failing Black residents in Pittsburgh". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ↑ Tiku, Nitasha (December 2, 2021). "Google fired its star AI researcher one year ago. Now she's launching her own institute". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ↑ Gunther, Marc (August 25, 2020). "'Fund Us Like You Want Us to Win': Foundations are putting unprecedented billions into racial equity, but some grant makers worry that too little is going to grassroots movements". Philanthropy.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ↑ "Data for Black Lives". MacArthur Foundation. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
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